Q 4.15

principal organs of the urinary system; accessory organs are the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

regulates the content of blood plasma to maintain "dynamic constancy," or homeostasis, of the internal fluid environment within normal limits

internal structures of the kidney

comprise much of the medullary tissue; papilla is at the tip of each pyramid and release urine through multiple ducts

where cortical tissue dips into the medulla between the pyramids

cuplike structure in each renal papilla to collect urine

_______calyces join to form_____calyces,which in turn join to form the ______ ______

renal pelvis narrows as it exits the kidney to become the_____

acts as a collection basin to drain urine from the kidney

are highly vascular

large branch of the abdominal aorta; brings blood into each kidney

between the pyramids of the medulla and the renal artery branches

extend toward the cortex, arch over the bases of the pyramids, and form the arcuate arteries

from the arcuate arteries, these arteries penetrate the cortex

extend to the nephrons (microscopic functional units of kidney tissue)

tube running from each kidney to the urinary bladder; composed of three layers

mucous lining, muscular middle layer, and fibrous outer layer

collabpsible bag located behind the pubic symphysis made mostly of smooth muscle tissue; lining forms rugae; can distend considerably

functions as a reservoir for urine before it leaves the body and aided by the urethra, it expels urine from the body

folds when urinary bladder collapse; allow for expansion and contraction; allows the bladder to distend

small mucous membrane lined tube extending from the trigone to the exterior of the body

bottom part of the urinary bladder

lies posterior to the pubic symphysis and anterior to the vagina

after leaving the bladder, passes through the prostate gland where it is joined by two ejaculatory ducts; from the prostrate, it extends to the base of the penis, then through the center of the penis, ending as the urinary meatus; part of the urinary system as well as the reproductive system

as bladder volume increases, micturition contractions (of detrusor muscle)_____ and the internal urethral sphincter_____

sphincter that has muscles that contract at first, then at appopriate time, they relax to release urine

the microscopic functional units, compromise the buld of the kidney; each of these is made of two regions (renal corpuscle and renal tubule) and connects to a shared collecting duct

two nephron regions

made of glomerlus tucked inside a Bowman's capsule; located within the cortex of the kidney

cup-shaped mouth of the nephron that is formed from by parietal and visceral walls with a space between them

formed by pedicels in the visceral layer that are packed closely together

prevents the filtration slits from enlarging under pressure

network of fine capillaries surrounded by Bowman capsule

pores in capillary walls that permit filtration

located between glomerular capillaries; various structural and functionaly support functions

lies between glomerlus and bowman capsule

formed by glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and the visceral layer of bowman capsule; function is filtration

first part of the rental tubule nearest to bowan capsule; follows a winding, convoluted course

renal tubule segment just beyond the proximal tubule; consists of a thin descending limb, a sharp turn, and an ascending limb; ascending limb made of thin ascending limb followed by thick ascending limb

convoluted tubule beyond the henle loop

located where the afferent arteriole brushes past the distal convoluted tubule

made of macula densa (wall of distal tubule and juxtaglomerular) cells surronding afferent arteriole

important to maintenance of blood flow homeostasis by reflexively secreting renin when blood pressure in the afferent arteriole drops

straight duct joined by the renal tubules of several nephrons

collecting ducts of one renal pyramid converge to form _____ _______ that opens at a renal papilla into a major calyx

enters glomerular capillary network

leaves glomerlus and extends to the peritubular blood supply

straight arterioles that run alongside henle loop

surround renal tubule

a nephron with a renal corpuscle near the medulla and a henle loop that drips into the medulla

a nephron with a henle loop that doesnt dip into the medulla but remains almost entirely within the cortex; they constitue 85% of the total nephrons

chief functions of the kidney

basic functional unit of the kidney

forms urine by filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of the Bowman capsule

movement of molecules out of the tubule and into peritublar blood

movement of molecules out of peritubular blood and into the tubule excretion

first step in blood processing; occurs in renal corpuscles

from blood in the glomerular capillaries, approx. 180L ____and_____filter into bowman capsule each day; takes place through the glomerular capsular membrane

occurs as a result of a pressure gradient (effective filtration pressure)

occurs rapidly because of the increased number of fenestrations

determined mainly by glomerular hydrostatic pressure and therefore directly related to systemic blood pressure

second step in urine formation; occurs as a result of passive and active transport mechanisms from all parts of the renal tubules

a major portion of this occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules

most water and solutes are recovered by ____, leaving only a small volume of tubule fluid left to move on to the Henle Loop

actively transported out of tubule fluid and into blood

passively transported out of tubule fluid by sodium cotransport mechanisms

the maximal capacity of reabsorption that depends on carrier availability

passively move into blood because of an imbalance in electrical charge

movement of _____and _____ into blood causes an osmotic imbalance, moving water passively into blood

approx. half of urea passively moves out of the tubule, with the remaining urea moving on to the henle loop

mechanism in the henle loop that concentrates sodium and chloride in the interstitial fluid of renal medulla

mechanism in vasae rectae that maintains high solute concentration in medullary interstitial fluid

water is reabsorbed from the _____ ___

urea is picked up from the ____ _____in the descending limb

both of these are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the ascending limb, where the reabsorption of salt makes the tubule fluid dilute and creates and maintains a high osmotic pressure of the medulla's interstitial fluid

reabsorbs sodium by active transport but in smaller amounts than in the proximal convoluted tubule

secreted by the posterior pituitary and targets the cells of distal tubules and collecting ducts to make them more permeable to water

with reabsorption of water in the collecting duct, urea concentration of the tubule fluid____, which causes urea to diffuse out of the collecting duct into the meduallary interstitial fluid

participates in a countercurrent multiplier mechanism

along with the Henle loop and vascae rectae maintains the high osmotic pressure needed to form concentrated urine and avoid dehydration

the movement of substances out of the blood and into tubular fluid

secretes urea by diffusion

secrete potassium, hydrogen, and ammonium ions

hormone that targets the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct cells

causes increased activity of the sodium potassium pump

secretion of hydrogen ions____with increased potassium pump

influences water reabsorption

as water is reabsorbed, the ____ _____ of urine is reduced by the amount of water removed by the tubules

reduces water loss

secreted by the adrenal cortex

increases distal tubule absorption of sodium, thereby raising the sodium concentration of blood and thus promoting reabsorption of water

secreted by atrial muscle ribers, promotes loss of sodium by urine, and opposes aldosterone, thus causing the kidneys to reabsorb less water and thereby produce more urine

maintains a constant GFR by regulating resistance in afferent arterioles; protects GFR function from rapid blood pressure variations

dependent on macula densea cells and the juxtaglomerular apparatus; may influence reninangiotensin mechanism

rapid and effective regulation of GFR by changes in afferent arterioles smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

related to the total amount of solutes other than sodium excreted in urine

the more solutes, the more ____, in general

example of why you would have a high-hormone level

approx. 95% water with several substances dissolved in it

result of the protein metabolism; includes urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine

mainly the following ions: sodium, potassium, ammonium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate; amounts and kind of minerals vary with diet and other factors

during disease, these bacterial poisons leave the body in urine

ex: urochromes

may spill into the filtrate

ex: blood, glucose, albumin, casts, and caliculi

process blood to adjust its content to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

homeostasis of water and electrolytes in body fluids relies on proper functioning of the ____

systems that are interdependent

system that must operate properyly to ensure efficient kidney function

sugar(glucose) in urine

blood in urine

pus in urine

painful urination

unusually large amounts of urine

scant (barely sufficient or adequate) urine

absence of time