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What is allopathic medicine based upon?
Observation, scientific research and objective explanations.
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What is the primary goal of holistic mental health care providers?
To help clients develop strategies to achieve harmony within themselves and with others, nature and the world.
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What does NCCAM stand for?
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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What two basic groups are CAM therapies divided into?
Body-based and energy-based
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What percentage do recent studies suggest that people suffering from mental disorders use CAM therapies?
50%-80%
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What is the function of the NCCAM?
To seek scientific validation for CAM therapies
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What is the focus of body-based CAM therapies?
Working with the body�s natural abilities to heal itself.
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What are whole medical systems built on?
Complete systems of theory and practice
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What do all systems teach?
That wellness is a state of balance and illness is an imbalance.
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What does Ayerveda focus on?
The innate harmony of the body, mind, and spirit.
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What is homeopathy?
A therapeutic method that uses natural substances in micro-doses to relieve symptoms.
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How does naturopathy view disease?
As an alteration in the process by which the body heals itself.
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What does traditional Chinese medicine base its view on?
That the body is a balance of yin and yang
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What is the difference between yin and yang?
Yin is cold, slow, passive; yang is hot, fast, active
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How do biologically based practices attempt to improve the human condition?
Through the use of substances extracted from nature.
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What are the six principles of naturopathy?
Healing power of nature, identify & treat cause of disease, do no harm, physician is teacher, treat whole person, prevention
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What is aromatherapy?
The use of essential oils to promote health and well-being
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What are body based practices?
Therapy that involves moving some part of the body
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What does a chiropractor do?
Uses manipulation to help improve the relationship and help the body heal
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What should be monitored in a pt on chelation therapy?
Potassium
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What does a decrease in potassium cause?
Dysrhythmias
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What is chelation?
Tx using the chemical EDTA to bind with heavy metals and remove them from the body
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What is chelation most often used to treat?
Atherosclerosis
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What is the purpose of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing?
To help reprocess traumatic memories by using controlled eye movements
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What is the purpose of massage?
Enhance well-being
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What is phototherapy most often used to treat?
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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What is phototherapy?
The use of bright lights to tx depression
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What two energy fields are energy-based therapies based upon?
Veritable and putative
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What do practitioners of energy medicine believe?
That illness results when the body�s energies are out of balance
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What do followers of mind-body medicine believe?
That the mind and spirit have the ability to affect the body and its functions
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Research has found that what percent of a therapeutic response could be the result of the client�s belief?
35%
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What is expressive therapy?
The use of creative activities to decrease stress
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What are the four elements associated with meditation?
Concentration, attention to one item while excluding all other thoughts, mindfulness, altered state of consciousness
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What is spirituality?
An individual's sense of meaning and purpose in life
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How does NCCAM define prayer?
An active process of appealing to a higher spiritual power, specifically for health reasons
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What to practitioners of energy medicine believe in?
A vital, life-force energy that flows through the human body
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What two parts is energy medicine divided into?
Biofield therapies and bioelectromagnetic field therapies
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What is the purpose of acupuncture?
To stimulate points to restore energy or qi balance within the body
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What does biofeedback teach the pt?
To control physical responses while monitoring the pt by machines
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What is biofeedback useful in treating?
Anxiety, hypertension, insomnia, headaches, and ADD disorders.
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What is Qi Gong?
A system of movement, regulation of breathing and meditation designed to enhance the flow of qi throughout the body
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What is Reiki?
A life force energy that flows through one�s body
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What is the practice of therapeutic touch based upon?
Laying on of the hands to encourage the body�s energies to return to a balanced state
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What is the function of pulsating electromagnetic therapy?
It enhances bone healing and is claimed to be effective with sleep disorders and headaches
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Why is animal-assisted therapy successful?
Animals are consistent and nonjudgmental, they are always accepting and help ease loneliness.
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What foods are eliminated in the pt with schizophrenia?
Wheat and milk products
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What is the function of music on the body?
It stimulates the body to release neurotransmitters that increase well-being
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What are psychotherapeutic drugs?
Powerful chemicals that produce profound effects on the mind, emotions, and the body
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How do psychotherapeutic drugs work?
They act mainly on the body�s nervous system by altering the delicate chemical balances within that system
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What is the primary responsibilities of health care providers of pts on psychotherapeutic drugs?
To recognize therapeutic versus unwanted effects
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What system is responsible for �fight or flight�?
Sympathetic nervous system
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What are the four classes of psychotherapeutic medications?
Antianxiety, antidepressants, antimanics, antipsychotics
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What is the function of an antipsychotic?
Helps curb hallucinations and loss of reality
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What are antimanics used to treat?
Mood or emotional disorders
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Why are benzodiazepines prescribed for?
To provide sedation, induce sleep, prevent seizures; mainly used to decrease anxiety
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What is the function of an Antianxiety med?
Reduce the psychic tension of stress
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What is the onset of action of a benzodiazepine?
1 hour
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Why is a physician more likely to prescribe buspirone (Buspar)?
Its not habit-forming, does not impair memory, has minimal side effects
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What are some examples of benzodiazepines?
Lorazepam (Ativan), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), diazepam (Valium)
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What should the pt be advised NOT to take while on Antianxiety medications?
Antacids
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How are Antianxiety meds prescribed?
PRN
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What is the physicians first choice in the treatment of depression?
SSRI�s
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How do antidepressants work on the body?
They increase certain neurotransmitter activities
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How long does it take for the effects of an antidepressant to be noticed?
1-4 weeks
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What is a hypertensive crisis?
Sudden, severe elevation in BP
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Why do depressed pts attempt suicide when taking antidepressants?
Because increased energy levels can lead to a renewed interest in suicide
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What are some examples of antidepressants?
Mirtazapine (Remeron), bupropion (Wellbutrin)
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Why is a pt more likely to comply with tx while on Lyrica?
Because side effects are fewer
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Other than anxiety, what else is Lyrica used to treat?
Seizures and neuropathic pain
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What are the side effects of SSRIs?
Dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, anorexia, sexual dysfunction, visual and urinary disturbances
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What are some examples of SSRIs?
Fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), setraline (Zoloft)
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What are anticholinergic side effects?
Dry mouth, nose & eyes; urinary retention & sedation
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What is mania?
A state of excitement, great elation, overtalkativeness, increased motor activity, fleeting grandiose ideas & agitated behaviors
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What is lithium currently used to treat in the US?
Manic episodes and pts with bipolar disorders
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Where is lithium absorbed?
Into the bloodstream
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When taking lithium, what must a pt be cautioned about?
Balancing their salt intake, fluid intake and activity
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What happens to a pt on lithium if their blood levels are too low?
Manic behavior will return
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What level of lithium is considered toxic?
1.5 mEq/L or more
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What three areas are the major guidelines for care of pts taking lithium?
Prelithium workup, educating pt to maintain blood levels of the drug, monitor pt for side effects or toxic reactions
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When is lithium taken?
At the same time every day
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What are some commonly prescribed antimanics?
Clonazepam (Klonopin), lithium (�lith�), gabapentin (Neurontin)
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What is another name for antipsychotics?
Major tranqs or neuroleptics
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What are most antipsychotic meds used to treat?
Schizophrenia, acute mania, organic mental illnesses
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What are some non-traditional uses for antipsychotics?
Nausea, vomiting, intractable hiccups
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What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Conserve energy and provide balance
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What is the sympathetic response from the ANS?
Dilated pupils, expanded lungs, increased blood sugar
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What is the sympathetic response from the ANS?
Slows heart rate, decreases circulating blood volume, respiratory response
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What are the most commonly prescribed antipsychotics?
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), haloperidol (Haldol), quetiapine (Seroquel), risperidone (Risperdal)
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What are extrapyramidal side effects?
Abnormal movements produced by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain
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What are the five basic responsibilities relating to psychotherapeutic drugs?
Assess clients, coordinate care, admin meds, monitor & evaluate response, teach clients
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What is included in a complete health history?
Current living situation, family structure, and daily activities; past medical, family & social histories
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What is the nurse�s function in coordinating care?
To coordinate and ensure that each component of the treatment plan is carried out, advocate, consult, and encourage client towards wellness
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Who�s responsibility is it to monitor clients for drug effectiveness and adverse reactions?
The nurse
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Who�s responsible for helping clients and their significant others to adapt to change?
The health care provider�s
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What is important of each client while on psychotherapeutic drugs?
Must be prepared to safely take meds, monitor for side effects daily, know that course of action to take when side effects occur
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What is noncompliance?
An informed decision made by a client not to follow a prescribed tx plan
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Why do psychiatric clients choose to discontinue their meds?
Distressing side effects or nature of their problem
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What is informed consent?
Process of presenting clients with ALL info about their tx to help them make a voluntary and knowledgeable decision
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When can a pt NOT be forced to take their psychotic medications?
In nonemergency situations
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What is dystonia?
Impaired muscle tone (rigidity in the muscles that control gait, posture, and eye movements)
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What is akathisia?
The inability to sit still
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What is akinesia?
Absence of physical and mental movement
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What is tardive dyskinesia?
Irreversible side effect of long-term tx that produces involuntary, repeated movements of the muscles in the face, trunk, arms and legs.
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What is a parasympathetic nervous system action?
The smooth muscles of the lungs constrict and restrict airways
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Why must salt intake be monitored in clients who are receiving lithium?
Salt and lithium compete for excretion in the kidney
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Which type of medicine is based solely on observation, scientific research, and objective explanations?
Allopathic
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A client is being seen for posttraumatic stress disorder. Which complementary and alternative therapy would be appropriate?
Biofeedback
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Which of the following types of aromatherapy would promote relaxation in a client with an anxiety disorder?
Lavender
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A client with seasonal affective disorder may be treated successfully with what body-based practice?
Phototherapy
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What energy-based complementary and alternative medicine practices has been effective for smoking cessation?
Hypnosis
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Which of the following complementary and alternative therapies would be successful in a client who has agoraphobia?
Biofeedback
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A client with atherosclerosis is found to have low serum potassium. What tx may be the cause of low potassium in this client?
Chelation therapy
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What person is known as the father of allopathic medicine?
Hippocrates
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A client with a fracture of the femur would benefit most from which therapy?
Pulsating electromagnetic therapy
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Whole medical systems are built on complete systems of what?
Theory and practice
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Assessment of a client reveals dryness of the mouth, blurred vision, excessive sweating, and urinary retention. These findings are consistent with which type of reaction?
Anticholinergic reaction
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When teaching a client with an anxiety disorder about her buspirone (BuSpar) prescription, what important information should the nurse include?
The risk of sedation is lessened with this drug.
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In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which neurotransmitter is used?
Acetylcholine
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The nurse should include what information for a client prescribed lithium?
Balance fluid and sodium intake.
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A client who is taking an antipsychotic for schizophrenia should be advised to avoid alcohol for which reason?
CNS depression
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A client develops muscle rigidity, tremor, pacing, and incontinence. These are extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs) of what?
Antidepressants
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The nurse instructs the client taking an MAOI to avoid foods that contain tyramine. This is an example of which client care guideline?
Teach the client about the drug
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Subsequent to a 2-week inpatient psychiatric admission, a hospitalized pt with schizophrenia, who has been prescribed an antipsychotic medication for 2 months, is hallucinating and delusional and has disorganized speech. What nursing action is appropriate?
Ask the physician for a liquid form of the drug.
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