Patho

Major transport system of the body that moves oxygen, glucose, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and cell wastes.

Body's defense that carries white blood cells and antibodies.

Mechanism for controlling body temperature and distributes heat to peripheral tissues.

Medium through which body fluid levels and blood pressure are measured and adjusted.

Number of liters of blood in an adult?

55% Component of blood.

45% Component of blood.

Proportion of red blood cells in blood.

Percent of hematocrit in males and females.

Clear yellowish fluid - cells have been removed.

Fluid and solutes - cells and fibrinogen have been removed.

Maintain osmotic pressure in the blood. Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, antibodies.

Where all blood cells originate from?

Red Blood Cells

Shape and Structure of Erythrocyte

Hormone from kidney.
Stimulates erythrocyte production.
Response to tissue hypoxia.

Red Blood Cell Production Raw Materials

Parts that make up hemoglobin.

Fully saturated with oxygen in the lungs.

As blood circulates, oxygen dissociates from hemeglobin.

When a RBC dies, globin is broken down into...

When a RBC dies, heme is broken down it is...

Leukocytes

Leukopoiesis

When WBCs leave capillaries and enter tissues by...

50-60% of WBC
Survive only 4 days
First to respond to tissue damage

Migrate from blood to tissue to become mast cells
Release heparin and histamine

Combat effects of histamine
Increased by allergic reactions and parasitic infections

B and T
30-40% of WBCs

Enter tissues to become macrophages

Another name for platelets

Part of blood that is essential for blood clotting.
Made of megakaryocytes.
Stick to damaged tissue and each other to form plug.
Initiate the coagulation process.

Another name for blood clotting.

Blood clotting steps (3)

Breaking up of clot.

Coagulation

No antigens
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
Can recieve only same blood

A antigen
Anti-B antibodies
Can recieve O and A

B antigen
Anti-A antibodies
Can recieve O and B

A and B antigens
No antibodies
Receive all blood types

Functions of Lymphatic System

Component of Lymphatic System that remove foreign or unwanted material from lymph fluid before it enters general circulation.

Essential to immune response and sensitization of B and T lymphocytes.

Reduction in oxygen transport in the blood due to a decrease in hemoglobin.

Low hemoglobin or anemia results of...

Decrease energy produced in all cells; cell metabolism and reproduction decreases

Tachycardia and vasoconstriction

Deficiency of a required nutrient
Bone function impaired
Blood loss
Excessive desruction of erythrocytes

In small, less color erythrocytes

Low dietary intake
Chronic blood loss
Impaired absorption
Severe liver disease

Cold intolerance
Irriability
Brittle hair, concave nails
Delayed healing
Tachycardia, dypnea, and synoscope

Another name for pernicious anemia

Very large, immature, nucleated erythrocyes

Type of anemia that usually results from a deficit of folic acid or vitamin B12, pregnancy.

Cause of pernicious anemia

Decreased gastric juices leads to GI discomfort, nausea and diarrhea
Enlarged tongue

Bone marrow is hyperactive
Vit B12 is low

Impairment of failure of bone marrow function from radiation, chemicals, drugs, hep c, autoimmune disease.

Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia

CBC and bone marrow biopsy

Blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant

Result of excessive destruction of RBCs
Leads to low erythrocyte count and low total hemoglobin
Causes genetic disorders, immune reactions, blood incompatibility

Inherited characteristic leads to abnormal hemoglobin

Hbs is deoxygenated and crystalilized and changes shape

Pain caused from occluded blood vessels

Homozygotes

Heterozyotes

Reduce crisis with drugs
Avoidance of strenous activity
Prevent dehydration, acidosis, infection, and exposure to cold

Genetic defect in which one or more genes for hemoglobin are missing or variant

Interferes with the production of globin chains

Decrease or lack of alpha or beta chains

Hemolysis
Normal skeletal development is impaired
Child growth impaired

Iron Overload

Blood transfusions
Iron chelation
Splenectomy

Increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in bone marrow
Increased blood volume
Blood vessels distended and blood flow is sluggish

Increase in RBCs that occurs in response to prolonged hypoxia and increased erythropoietin secretion

Neoplastic disorder of unknown origin
Develops btwn age 40 and 60

A compensatory mechanism

Cyanosis
Pruritus
Increased bp, full bounding pulse
CHF develops

Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels are increased
Bone marrow is hypercellular

Drugs or radiation to supress bone marrow
Periodic phlebotomy to remove blood

Persistent bleeding
Blood in feces
Feeling faint and anxious, low bp, rapid pulse

Chemotherapy, radiation
Vit K deficiency
Liver Disease
Hemorrhagic fever
Anticoagulant drugs

Most common inherited clotting disorder

Deficit or abnormality of clotting factor IX

Deficit or abnomality of clotting factor XI

70% have severe form
Prolonged hemorrhage
Persistent oozing
Hematomas
Blood in urine

PTT and coagulation are prolonged

Precautions to prevent injury
Replacement therapy for factor VIII

Excessive bleeding and clotting

Obstetric complications
Infection
Cancer
Major trauma

Initate.....

Multiple Bleeding Sites
Respiratory Impairment
Seizures
Acute Renal Failure

One or more of the leukocyte types are present as undifferentiated, immature, nonfuctional that multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow

High proportion of very immatue, nonfuctional cells (blast cells) in bone marrow and peripheral circulations

Higher proportion of mature cells (have reduced function)

Onset marked by infection unresponsive to treatment or excessive bleeding
Bone pain
Weight loss and fatigue
Fever
Enlarged spleen

Blood smear shoes immature leukocytes and altered numbers of WBCs
RBCs and platelets are decreased

Chemotherapy only treatment

Lymphomas disorders

Malignant neoplasm involving lymphocyte proliferation in the lymph nodes

Occurs in age 20-40
Equal in men and women
Prognosis early is excellent
Initially involves one lymph node (neck) then spreads in orderly fashion.

Reed-Sternberg cells (giant cell)

Hodgkins - Stage I

Hodgkins - Stage II

Hodgkins - Stage III

Hodgkins - Stage IV

Lymph node large, painless, nontender
Recurrent infection
Weight loss, anemia, low grade fever, night sweats, faituge

Radiation, chemo, surgery treatments

Associated with HIV infection
Involve B lymphocytes
Widespread metastases

Multiple tumors with bone destruction develop in vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, and skull
Hypercalcemia
Tumor cells spread throughout body
Older adults

Malignancy well advance before diagnosis
Pain
Ademia
Fractures
Kidney failure

Median survival is 3 years
Analgesics for bone pain