LIN 3713 Q#2

the structure of phrases and sentences

rules fore how constituents (words or phrases) are allowed to be put together

not about meaning; however, we may consider a meaning as a tool to help us understand ____

what is the function of syntax?

often expressed as using word order

Other languages may use specific markings on nouns, verbs (or other categories) to denote objects, subjects, etc.

**tell us something about the way that a word allowed to function in a sentence**

2 groups of lexical categories

contribute to the meaning of the sentence

also referred to as "open lexical categories" because new words can be added.

nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are an example of

rare for new members to be added to this group

also referred to as "closed categories"

prepositions, pronouns, determiners, auxiliary verbs, and conjunctions are an example of

**the same word <phonological form> can belong to more than one __**; **need to examine how it functions in a sentence**

english is unique because it allows many ___ to be turned into ___without any morphological changes

when trying to determine what lexical category a word belongs to, the best way to identify a words lexical category is...

internalization of the rules of language that govern how words are organized into sentences

how to organize words into sentences taht specify who did what to whom

developed through gradual internalization of the grammatical system of one's language

a finite number of discrete elements that allow the child to produce an infinite number of sentences

3 major syntactic achievements

gradually increases from 1 to 6 years of age

***by age (6) most children are able to produce __ that are on average, nearly as long as those of adults

___ provides a simple proxy for estimating syntactic complexity up to age 5 years

3 modalities of sentence variety

type of sentece that makes a statement

fairly common for 3 year old to have mastered the majority of the declarative patterns & to use __ & __ conjunctions to link several together

children are never explicity taught how to produce ___;they intuit the rules from the language around them

what type of sentence expresses negation

which type of sent relies on words such as no, not, can't, won't, don't?

involves learning where to insert negatives into sentences

2 major question types

asks specific info about time, place, manner, reason, and quantity

has a yes no response

there are specific syntactic rules to orgabnize sentences for ____ purposes

for a "wh" question, place wh word in the.....

in a yes/no interrogative: the auxiliary verb "__" moves from its place following the subject and preceding its main ___ to go before the __

linking phrases and clauses

___ --> ___ --> ___ --> sentence

cluster of words organized around a head

allows children to connect phrases

a syntactic structure continuing a verb or verb phrase

age ___ children conjoin and embed clauses

Brown's 5 stages of grammatical development:
Stage I:

Brown's 5 stages of grammatical development
Stage II:

Brown's 5 stages of grammatical development
Stage III:

Brown's 5 stages of grammatical development
Stage IV:

Brown's 5 stages of grammatical development
Stage V:

use of phrase & clause structures as well as conjunctive devices for organizing internal structure of sentences

2 influences on syntactic development

2 exposures to a complex syntax

2 language disorders can disrupt syntactic comprehension and production

language disorders present at birth

what does it mean when a language disroder is specific?

what does it mean when a language disorder is secondary?

what is an acquired language disorder?

____ is an example of an acquired disorder in which syntactic skills are seriously affected. keading to a condition called _______

types of syntactic features:

the rules of language governing the internal organization of words

**smallest unit of language that carry meaning; add grammatical inflection to words; can change syntactic class of words**

morphological development involves acquiring what 2 types of morpheme:

process of creating words out of other words. Takes the phonological form of one word & performs one or more "operations" on it to result in a new word

creation of different grammatical forms of words

form of the root

the parts added to the stem

affix that precedes a stem

affix that follows a stem

see morphing posting

can be used as words by themselves; include both words with clear semantic referents and also words that serve primarily grammatical purposes

**cannot stand alone (affixes (suf/pre)); must attach to other morphemes**

indicate a change in meaning; added to words to change their syntactic class and semantic meaning

internalization of the rules of language that govern the structure of words

**occurs when a (mature grammar specifies use of grammatical marker); instances in which a mature grammar specifies the use of a grammatical marker**

child's acquisition of the major grammatical morphemes fairly invariant in both order and timing of acquisition; about age __, emergence of 1st grammatical morpheme, the present progressive -ing

enables a child's movement from speaking with a "telegraphic quality" to a more adult like quality

children include a grammatical morpheme in 90% or more of obligatory contexts (not optional to be omitted)

**Roger Brown's "World and Things" described children's development of __ grammatical morpjemes; emerged in a uniform order across children**

because each prefix and suffix can be combined with many root words, development of ____ morphology adds precision to one's lexical base

**3 influences on Morphologic development**

____: people learning a 2nd language that differs considerable in its grammatical morphology from their native language may ___ master the grammaticall morphology of the 2nd language

2 influences of 2nd language acquisition

morphology varies among ___ of a single language in 3 ways:

hallmark characteristic of SLI: difficulty in grammatical morphology

verb markings such as past tense inflection and the 3rd person singular inflection

a multicultural focus reflects:

20% of children under 18 reside in households with annual incomes below the poverty threshold
40% live in low income houses (twice the annual poverty threshold)

there is a strong ____ relationship between poverty and language achievement

what 4 things are common amongst children raised in poverty & low-income households:

poverty also affects what 3 areas

2 major influences on morphological development

study of the distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds

**study of how speech sounds are produced**

class of speech sounds that native speakers identify as different sounds

phonemes have 2 descriptions

variations of the same phoneme

acquiring the rules of language that govern the sound structure of syllables and words

in dividual speech sounds in a language that signal a contrast in meaning betwen 2 syllables or words

**neurological imprint of a phoneme that differentiates it from other phonemes**

Phonological development involves developing sensitivity to the ___ of a person's natibve language; these rules specify "legal" orders of sounds in syllables and words & the places where spcific phonemes can and cannot occur

**begins immediately with birth if not prior as the infant experiences speech beyong the womb**

**3 building blocks of phonological development**

___use specific cues to parse speech stream into smaller units and to separate simultaneously occurring speech streams

2 types of cues in parsing the stream of speech

infants use their familiarity of word and syllable stress patterns, or the rhythm of language, to break into speech stream

knowledge of word-stress patterns
knowlege of pausing

sensitivity to the probability with which certain sounds occur both in general and in specific positions of syllables and words

knowledge of probabilities and improbabilities is an important tool for the infant to segment novel words out of a continuous stream of speech

internal representations of phonemes comprising one's native language

expression of phonemes to produce syllables and words

early consonants

late consonants

timing of phonemic inventory development is influenced by (3)

order of consonantal acquisition ___ across languages

sufficiently well-developed by ____ years of age to provide for fully intelligible speech

Types under phonological awareness umbrella (5 + 4 subunits)

phonological building blocks (3)

an individual's ability to attend the phonological segments of speech through implicit or explicit analysis

3 subunits under phonological awareness

focus on the phonemic units of words

segmenting the individual sounds

teaches children the relationships between letters and sounds

children who are "_____" are better able to profit from phonics instruction that children who are unaware

2 influences on phonological development

**influence of the phonemic composition of the languages to which infants are exposed**

importance of a phoneme in a languages phonemic inventory

variability in phonologial exposure such as:
lower-income homes vs higher-income homes
chronic ear infections

**provide info about grammatical function**

**something to do with native/linguistic page 100-101**

refers essentially to the importance of a phoneme in the phonemic inventory of the language