SOC Review

“The basis of our governments being the
opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right; and
were it left to me to decide if we should have a government without newspapers
or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer
the latter. But I should mean that every man should receive those papers
and be capable of reading them.”

“No one ever went broke
underestimating the taste of the American public.”

We do not say that a
man who has no interest in politics is a man who minds his own business.
We say he is a man who has no business here at all.”

When will there be justice in
Athens? There will be justice in Athens when those who are not injured
are as outraged as those who are.”

“Just because you do not take an interest in
politics doesn’t mean politics won’t take an interest in you.”

The loss of direction felt in a society when social
control of individual behavior has become ineffective (page 10)

The use of the discipline of sociology
with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior
and organizations (18)

: Sociology inquiry conducted with the
objective of gaining a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of
social phenomena. Also known as pure sociology (18)

: The use of the discipline of sociology
with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring
social institutions (18)

A sociological approach that assumes
that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over
power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to
services, and political representation (14)

Noneconomic goods, such as family
background and education, which are reflected in a knowledge of language and
the arts (13)

The division of an individual’s
identity into two or more social realities (11)

A view of social interaction in
which people are seen as theatrical performers

An element or process of a society that may
disrupt the social system or reduce its stability (14)

A sociological approach that views inequity
in gender as central to all behavior and organization (14)

A sociological approach that
emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain
its stability (13)

The worldwide integration of government
policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and
the exchange of ideas (19)

A construct or model for evaluating specific
cases (10)

A sociological approach that
generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain
society as a whole (15)

An unconscious or unintended function that
may reflect hidden purposes (14)

Sociological investigation that concentrates
on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations (12)

An open, stated and conscious function
(14)

Sociological investigation that stresses the
study of small groups, often through experimental means (12)

The study of the physical features of
nature and the ways in which they interact and change (5)

The sending of messages through the
use of gestures, facial expressions, and postures (15)

The body of knowledge obtained by methods based on
systematic observation

The collective benefit of social networks,
which are built on reciprocal trust (13)

A condition in which members of society
have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power (19)

The study of the social features of humans
and the ways in which they interact and change (6)

An awareness of the relationship
between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past (5)

: In sociology, a set of statements that seeks to
explain problems, actions or behavior (8)

The German word for “understanding” or “insight”;
used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account the subjective
meanings people attach to their actions (10)

The relationship between a condition or
variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other (30)

The standards of acceptable behavior
developed by and for members of a profession (39)

The systematic coding and objective
recording of data, guided by some rationale (38)

The subjects in an experiment who are not
introduced to the independent variable by the researcher (37)

A factor that is held constant to test the
relative impact of an independent variable (33)

A relationship between two variables in which a
change in one coincides with a change in the other (30)

A table or matrix that shows the
relationship between two or more variables (46)

The variable in a causal relationship
that is subject to the influence of another variable (30)

The study of an entire social setting through
extended systematic observation (36)

An artificially created situation that allows a
researcher to manipulate variables (37)

The subjects in an experiment who are
exposed to an independent variable introduced by a researcher (37)

The unintended influence that observers of
experiments can have on their subjects (37)

A speculative statement about the relationship
between two or more variables (30)

The variable in a causal
relationship that causes or influences a change in another variable (30)

A face-to-face, telephone, or online
questioning of a respondent to obtain desired information (35)

A number calculated by adding a series of values and
then dividing by the number of values (45)

The midpoint or number that divides a series of
values into two groups of equal numbers of values (46)

The single most common values in a series of scores
(45)

A research technique in which an investigator
collects information through direct participation and/or by closely watching a
group or community (36)

An explanation of an abstract
concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept
(30)

A portion of 100 (45)

Research that relies on what is seen
in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data (36)

Research that collects and reports
data primarily in numerical form (36)

A printed or written form used to obtain
information from a respondent (35)

A sample for which every member of an entire
population has the same chance of being selected (32)

The extent to which a measure produces
consistent results (32)

A detailed plan or method for obtaining
data scientifically (34)

Specialized language used by members of a group or
subculture (61)

The use of two languages in a
particular setting, such as the workplace r schoolroom, treating each language
as equally legitimate (72)

A subculture that deliberately
opposes certain aspects of the larger culture (62)

The systematic destruction of
a group’s culture (57)

The viewing of people’s behavior from
the perspective of their culture (56)

A common practice or belief found in
every culture (56)

The totality of learned, socially transmitted
customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior (55)

The worldwide media industry that
standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers (56)

A period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial
culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions (60)

The feeling of surprise and disorientation
that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are
different from their own (62)

The polarization of society over controversial
cultural elements (70)

The process by which a cultural item
spreads from group to group or society to society (59)

The process of making known or
sharing the existence of an aspect or reality (59)

: A set of cultural beliefs and practices
that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests (70)

The tendency to assume that one’s culture and
way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others (56)

A norm of governing everyday behavior whose
violation raises comparatively little concern (66)

A norm that has been written down and specifies
strict punishments for violators (66)

The deliberate, systematic killing of
an entire people or nation (57)

A norm that is generally
understood but not precisely recorded (66)

The process of introducing a new idea
or object to a culture through discovery or invention (59)

The combination of existing cultural items into a
form that did not exist before (59)

An abstract system of word meanings
and symbols for all aspects of culture; includes gestures and other nonverbal
communication (63)

Governmental social control (66)

The physical or technological aspects of
our daily lives (60)

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of
society (66)

Ways of using material objects, as well
as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication
(60)

An established standard of behavior maintained by a
society (65)

A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a
social norm (67)

A hypothesis concerning the role of
language in shaping our interpretation of reality. It holds that language is
culturally determined (64)

A fairly large number of people who live in the
same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area, and
participate in a common culture (55)

The systematic study of how biology affects
human social behavior (57)

A segment of society that shares a distinctive
pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the patter of the
larger society (61)

A gesture, object or word that forms the basis of
human communication (64)

Cultural information about how to use the
material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires (60)

A collective conception of what is considered good,
desirable, and proper—or bad, undesirable, and improper—in a culture (68)

1858-1917-Philosophy

Key Works: The Division of Labor in Society, Suicide: A
Study in Sociology, Elementary Forms of Religious Life

1864-1920-Law, economics, history, philosophy


Key Works:
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit
of Capitalism, Economy and Society

1818-1883-Philosophy, Law



Key Works: The Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital

1868-1963-Sociology


Key Works: The Philadelphia Negro, The Negro
Church, Souls of Black Folk

W.E.B. DuBois