Chem 102a - Test 1

energy associated with motion

energy associated with position

kinetic energy + potential energy

• -energy associated with temperature
• -often converted from kinetic energy

the measure of a quantity of matter within an object

• the gravitational pull on an object
• W=mg

measure of the the amount of average kinetic energy - the energy due to motion - of the atoms or molecules that compose the matter.

• thermal energy transfers from hot to cold
• 0 K is absolute zero -- molecular motion virtually stops

porperty that is independent of the amount of substance. ex: density.

property that is dependent on amount of substance. ex: mass.

• multiplication or division: result carries the same number of significant figures as the factor with the fewest figures.
• addition or subtraction: result carries the same number of decimal places as the quantity with the fewest decimal places.
• rounding: only round final answer, not steps

how close the measured value is to the actual value

how close a series of measurements are to one another

sort-->strategize-->solve-->check

about 91 different naturally occuring elements

all samples of a given compound, regardless of their source or how they are prepared, have the same proportions as their constituent elements.

when two elements (A and B) form two different compounds, the masses of element B that combine with 1g of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers.

• each element is composed of tiny indestructible particles called atoms.
• all atoms of a given element have the same mass and other properties which distinguish them.
• atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds.
• atoms of one element cannot change into atoms of another element. they can only change the way they are bound together through chemical reactions.

• J.J. Thompson
• by cathode ray tube

• the fundamental property of some of the particales that compose atoms, which results in attractive & repulsive forces (called electrostatic forces) between the particles.
• proton=positive, electron=negative, neutron=neutral

the area around a charged particle where forces exist

emission of small energetic particles from the core of certain unstable atoms.

• most of the atom's mass and all of it's positive charge are contained in its core called the nucleus (over 99.9%).
• most of the volume of the atom is empty space, throughout which tiny, negatively charged electrons are dispersed.
• there are as many electrons outside the nucleus as there are protons inside the nucleus. ie. the atom is electrically neutral.

• symbol: p⁺
• charge: 1+
• mass (amu): 1.007
• mass (g): 1.673 x 10^-24
• location: nucleus

• symbol: n⁰
• charge: 0
• mass (amu): 1.009
• mass (g): 1.675 x 10^-24
• location: nucleus

• symbol: e^-
• charge: 1-
• mass (amu): 5.486 x 10^-4
• mass (g): 9.109 x 10^-28
• location: outside the nucleus

• represents the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
• unique to each element

atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

the relative amount of each different isotope in a naturally occurring sample of a given element.

• the sum of the number of protons and neutrons
• A=p+n

an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.

• positively charged ion
• typically metals

• negatively charged ion
• typically nonmetals

• when elements are arranged in order of increasing mass certain sets of elements with recurring properties arrange periodically.
• Medeleev

• lower left side
• good conductors of heat and electricity
• malleability (can be pounded into sheets)
• ductility (can be drawn into wires)
• shiny

• upper right side
• poor conductors of heat and electricity
• varied properties

• lie along the zigzag line which divides metals and nonmetals.
• mixed properties
• semiconductors

• group 8A
• mostly unreactive nonmetals
• full valence shell

• group 1A
• reactive metals

• group 2A
• fairly nonreactive metals

• group 7A
• highly reactive nonmetals

• represents the average mass of the isotopes that compose the element.
• weighted according to the natural abundance of each isotope.

• the standard scientific unit for dealing with atoms in macroscopic quantities.
• which is defined arbitrarily as the amount of a substance with as many
• atoms or other units as there are in 12 grams of the carbon isotope C-12.

the number of atoms in a mole is called avogadro's number, the value of which is approximately 6.022 × 10²³ particles.

an element's molar mass in grams per mole is numerically equal to the element's atomic mass in atomic mass units.

mass of 1 mol=molar mass

the result of interactions between charged particles.

can be strong bonds such as ionic or covalent or weaks such as hydrogen bonding.

• occur between metals and nometals
• involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. in this type the electron is not shared at all but transferred to the outer atomic orbital of the atom with the vacancy. one atom will have a net neg charge and the other a net positive charge.

• bonds occurring between two or more nonmetals
• involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms. ie. the electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both atoms so they are "shared" by both. low to nonexistent electronegative difference.
• most organic compounds

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

standard for ionic compunds and macromolecules. different compunds can have the same empirical formula.

ex: glucose = CH₂O

identifies the number of each type of atom in a molecule. specific to one molecule of a certain compound.

ex: glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆

shows the structure of the molecule using lines to represent covalent bonds.

ex: glucose

represents atoms as balls and bonds as sticks

ex: glucose

atoms fill the space to more closely spresent our best estimates of how a molecule might appear if scaled to a visible size.

ex: glucose

• exist in nature with single atoms as their basic units,
• most elements fall into this category.

• elements which exist as molecules.
• most are diatomic, ex: O₂, H₂

generally composed of two or more covalently bonded nonmetals.

• you can recognize molecular compounds because the first element in the compound name is a nonmetal. some molecular compounds contain hydrogen, but if you see a compound which starts with "H", you can assume it is an acid and not a molecular
• compound. compounds consisting only of carbon with hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. hydrocarbons have their own special nomenclature, so they are treated differently from other molecular compounds.

• composed of cations and anions bound together by ionic bonds.
• basic unit is the formula unit.
• they are held together by the electrostatic force between oppositely charged bodies. Ionic compounds have a high melting and boiling point, and they are hard and very brittle. They are also called salts .

• the lowest whole number ratio of ions represented in an ionic compound.
• ex: NaCl and K2O
• Ionic compounds do not exist as individual molecules; a formula unit is used to indicate the lowest reduced ratio of ions in the compound.

an ion composed of two or more atoms.

• molecular compounds that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
• react with bases and metals
• sour taste
• pHs of acids are less than 7 because the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than 10−7 moles per liter.
• can be binary or oxyacid

composed of hydrogen and a nonmetal

[hydro] + [base name of nonmetal + ic] + [acid]

ex: HCl, HF. HI

contain hydrogen and an oxyanion

• -ate ending: [base name oxyanion + ic] + [acid]
• -ite ending: [base name oxyanion + ous] + [acid]

ex: sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, chlorous

the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in the empirical formula of the compound.

• ex: the molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6, so the empirical formula is CH2O.
• the formula mass of glucose is (12)+2(1)+16 = 30 amu.