R.M.

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Critical thinking about research involves
- looking for design flaws such as confounding.
- making informed judgements
Sources ofideas include
- observation
- experts
- literature search
Testable hypotheses specify
- how variables will be measured
- how variables will be related
Control inadvertent researcher effects by;
- following a protocol for uniform treatment
- using double blind study
- being alert for a placebo effect and anthropomorphizing
Methods of fixing belief include
- authority
- tenacity
- a priori
- scientific
The scientific method involves

Deduction - reasoning from general to specific cases

Induction - reasoning from specific to general cases

Strng Inference - eliminating possible alternative explanations
Hypotheses come from generalizations. Generalizations are either;

inductive - derived from experience

Deductive - derived from theory
A theoru;
- organizes data
- predicts new research
Good theories are;
- parsimonious
- precise
- testable
Naturalistic observation is refined by ________ and by _______.
- Ethograms
- delimiting observation categories
Interobserver reliability assesses;

whether 2 or more observers agree on how to ccategorize naturalistic observations
Case studies suffer from;

an inability to determine what causes what
Advantages of descriptive observations include
- being an important source of basic knowledge
- flexibility
- ethological approach
- ethological validity
Descriptive observations may suffer from;
- lack of reproducibility
- anthropomorphizing
- internal validity
- participant reactivity
Predictive Validity relates;

one measure of behavior to another, criterion measure
________ ______ refers to the extent to which the variables accurately reflect of measure the behaviorofinterest

Construct validity
Operational definitions and protocols help minimize;

construct invalidity resulting from error
______ ______ refers to the extent to which the obsevations can be generalized to other settings and dubject populations

external validity
Confounding is a major threat to internal validity, because;

the causal variable(s) cannot be determined
Reliability refers to;

the consistency of the measures of behavior
Test reliability if determined by the
- test-retest method
- parallel forms method
- split half method
Statistical reliability determines;

whether findings are the result of chance
Stratified sampling is a good alternative to

random sampling
Meta-analysis can help determine;

the external validity of a particular observation, its relative strength, and its consistency
Theoretical contructs are _______ variables.

intervening
Psychometrics determines;

difference and absolute thresholds
A summated rating scale is the sum;

of the ratings that people give to attitude statements

Author

faulkebr

104582

Card Set

R.M.

Description

Concept Summaries test 1

Updated

2011-09-27T03:24:27Z