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Martin Luther- who
- german professor&priest
- 1483-1546
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Martin Luther- whats
- joined Augustinian friars---> poor
- created new understanding of St. Paul's Letters (God's word over others)
- 1517- wrote "95 Theses on Power of Indulgence" (named to Wittenberg Castle)
- publicized in pamphlets; exp: on Christian Liberty (freed of sin by JC)
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Luther- whys
- individualism vs. church
- intellectual creativity
- questions contemp. church
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Ulrich Zwingli- who
- Swiss humanist, priest, loves Erasmus
- 1484-1531
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Zwingli-whats
- preach from Erasmus' NT
- convinced Scriptures= pure words of God&truth
- attacked indulgences, mass, monasticism, clerical celibacy
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Zwingli- whys
- spread of new ideas
- new concepts/ways of thinking
- indiv. vs. community
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Anabaptists- who
- community of believers separated from state
- 1520's
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Anabaptists- whats
- adopted baptism
- rejected unbiblical things
- reacted harshly to deviated vs. individuality
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Anabaptists-whys
- individual? no group? yes
- step backwards
- opposition
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German Peasants war of 1525- who
- war waging for rights
- 1525
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German Peasants war of 1525-whats
- failed crops-->nobility taking MORE land
- made demands..aligned with scripture?
- improved style of living
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German Peasants war of 1525- whys
- reformation appeal lowered
- poverty--> prosperity
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Charles V and Austrian House of Hasburg-who
- family with advantageous marriages
- 1500-1558
- (r. 1519-1556)
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Charles V and Austrian House of Hasburg- whats
- frederick III acquired $$$ from Princess Eleonore
- Maximillian(son) married Mary of Burgondy (LAND)
- Son/daughter married to Ferdinand/Isabella's children
- Charles V inherited lots of territory&people "world monarchy"; Catholicism
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Charles V and Austrian House of Hasburg- whys
- unification
- economic prosperity
- vast land/people &one ruler??
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Peace of Ausburg-who
- religious peace in Germany; under Charles V
- 1555
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Peace of Ausburg- whats
- recognized Lutheranism
- territories chose between c&L
- ended religious war in Germany
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Peace of Ausburg- whys
- peace, not fighting
- stronger nation
- new religion
- decentralized religiously
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King Henry VIII- who
- changed the country's religion for own personal gain
- r. 1509-1547
- England
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King Henry VIII- whats
- married Catherine of Argon (widow of bro) had girl- Mary
- wanted boy, so divorce? Pope not allow
- ended authority of popes- 1530
- beheaded new wife, Anne of Boyelen (2 girls)
- Jane Seymour had Edward, then three more wives
- 1535-1539 dissolved monasteries (RICH)
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King Henry VIII- whys
- improved economy
- prosperous even more so
- centralized bureaucracy
- spread of Protestantism
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Queen Elizabeth I- who
- daughter of anne of Boylen, Mary of Tudor's sister; kept religious stability
- 1558-1603
- England
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Queen Elizabeth I- whats
- referred to self as "gov of church of England" (:) middle)
- help elements of P&C
- imprisoned cousin, Mary of Scotts, (plan to overthrow)
- defeated Spain
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Queen Elizabeth I- whys
- maintained a steady religion
- didn't punish people for beliefs
- sense of nationalism
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John Calvin- who
- created Calvinism (P-based)&spread
- 1509-1561
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John Calvin- whats
- 1533- converted to P
- 1536- wrote The institutes of Christian Religion (God= complete soveirgnity)
- dictated humans are predestinated by God free will
- established the Genevan Consistory (strict)
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John Calvin- whys
- spread ideas---> unified religion
- people punished
- compelling model, for Scotland France and England
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Pope Paul III- who
- pope stopped resisting the Ref of the church
- pontificate: 1534-1549
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Pope Paul III- whats
- made the papal court center of REf
- supported improvements in ed. for clergy, end of simony, stricter clerically
- established the Holy Office(jurisdiction for Roman Inquistion)
- establish general council (of Trent)
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Pope Paul III- whys
- changed life in church
- improvements
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The Council of Trent- who
- general council setting basis for spiritual renewal
- 1545-1563
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Council of Trent- whats
- secured reconciliation w/ P
- dictated = validity to Scriptures &religious authority
- emphasized impt. of preaching (&moral live)
- stipulated marriage vows- must be in front of witness
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Council of Trent- whys
- catholic church increases in power
- morality increases
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Ignatius Loyola&Society of Jesus-who
- person founded Jesuits, spread C.
- 1491-1556
- 1548 ish
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Ignatius Loyola&Society of Jesus- whats
- 1548- wrote spiritual exercises (training for spiritual discipline.. think Buddhist)
- 1540??- approval from papal for formation of Jesuits
- saw ref as pastoral problem "help souls"
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Ignatius Loyola&Society of Jesus- whys
- spread C
- obeyed Pope- personal army
- increase in spiritual conditions
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St. Bartholomew's Day- who
- massacre of Huegnots
- Aug 24 1572
- France
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St. Bartholomew's Day- whats
- marriage between P and King(unify??)
- killed Huegnots -spread
- led to 15 yr civil war
- saved by politiques (strong monarchy)
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St. Bartholomew's Day- whys
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Henry IV & Edict of Nantes- who
- restored peace to France
- r. 1589-1610
- 1598
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Henry IV & Edict of Nantes- whats
- sacrificed religious principles to political necessity
- converted to C
- issued Edict of Nantes (conscience/ public worship to Hugenots)
- prepared way for absolutism
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Henry IV & Edict of Nantes-whys
- restored peace
- granted liberties to H's
- individualism recognized
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Philip II of Spain-who
- reigned over war between p&C
- 1556
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Philip II- whats
- grew up in Spain (P)
- sent 20,000 troops to Antwerp (pacification)
- disapproved of separation; N=P/ S=C
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Philip II- whys
- questions religious freedom
- many killed
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