MedicalTerminology

• carry or move inward or toward a central structure
• -refers to arteries, veins, lymphatic vessicles, and nerves

protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the blood stream from entering delicate brain tissue

network of tissue found in the brain and spinal cord

carry or move away from a central structure

projection of a neuron, especially the axon that transmits impulses

• additional sheath external to myelin that is formed by Schwann cells and found only in the PNS
• because neurilemma does not disintegrate after injury to the axon its enclosed hollow tube provides an avenue for regeneration of injured axons

chamber or cavity of an organ that receives or holds a fluid

• center for thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli, and coordinatino of body functions
• part of CNS

• part of CNS
• main pathway for transmission of info between the brain and body

• part of PNS
• includes 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the base of the skull and may act in either motor capacity, sensory capacity, or both

• part of PNS
• includes 31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spine and act in both motor and sensory capacities

• dilates pupils
• inhibits flow of saliva
• relaxes bronchi
• accelerates heart rate
• slows digestive activities
• constricts visceral blood vessels

• constricts pupils
• increases flow of saliva
• constricts bronchi
• slows heart rate
• accelerates digestive activities
• dilates visceral blood vessels

• nervous system identifies changes in blood and lymph composition and provides the stimuli to maintain homeostasis
• nervous system identifies pathologically altered tissue and assists teh immune system in containing injury and promoting healing

• nervous tissue, esp. the conduction system of the heart, transmits a contraction impulse
• nervous system identifies pressure changes on vascular walls and responds to regulate blood pressure

• nervous stimuli of digestive organs propel food by peristalsis
• nerve receptors in the lower colon identify the need to defecate

the hypothalamus regulates hormone production

• nervous system transmits contraction impulses needed for delivery of a fetus
• nervous system provides stimuli needed for lactation
• nervous system regulates hormones needed for the menstrual cycle

• nervous tissue in reproductive organs receives pleasure responses
• nervous system responds to pressure changes in bladder walls that indicate the need to void
• nervous system stimulates the thirst reflex when body fluid levels are low

• sensory nervous system supplies receptors in the skin that respond to environmental stimuli
• autonomic nervous system regulates body temp by controlling shivering and sweating

• nervous system provides impulses for contraction resulting in voluntary and involuntary movement of muscles
• autonomic nervous tissue responds to postional changes

• nervous system stimulates muscle contractions that create pressure changes necessary for ventilation
• nervous system regulates rate and depth of breathing

softening of the cranium

resmebling a branching tree

resembling

swelling, hernia

herniation of the brain

ganglion (knot or knotlike mass)

excision of a ganglion

condition of slow movement

disease of teh meninges

word, phrase

difficulty using words

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

stupor; numbness; sleep

relating to sleep

nerve root

pain in the nerve root

strength

condition of excessive strength

incision of the thalamus

sheath (usually refers to meninges)

pertaining to the space within a sheath

tension

bad or poor (muscle) tone

joined (referred) pain

weakness, debility

feeling

muscle weakness

increased feeling

seizure

seizure of sleep

partial paralysis

paralysis of 1/2 of the body; aka hemiplegia

paralysis

order, coordination

without coordination

thick

infloammation of the dura mater

meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

paralysis of lower body and limbs

referred pain

psychological disorder in which the major characteristic is an abnormal mood, usually mania or depression

• psychological "worry" disorder characterized by excessive pondering or thinking "what if..."
• feelings of worry, dread, lack of energy, and loss of interest inlife are commmon signs associated with anxiety

disorder affecting children and adults characrerized by impulsiveness, overactivity, and the inability to remain focused on a task

mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy, and ability to functino; also called manic-depressive illness

mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement, and commonly feelings of low self-esteem, guilt, and withdrawl

mood disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, and excessively elevated mood

• suddent, intense, overwhelming feeling of fear that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger
• a key symptom of a panic attack is the fear of its recurrence

inability to comprehend autidotry, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations even though the sensory sphere is intact

weakness, debility, or loss of strength

lack of muscle coordinatin in teh execution of voluntary movement

premonitory awarenes of an approaching physical or mental disorder; peculiar sensation that precedes seizures

developmental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy, usually acompanied by an inability to communicate even on a basic level

injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed

abnormally deep unconciousness with absence of voluntary response to stimuli

injury to the brain, occasionially with transient loss of consciousness as a result of injury or trauma to the head

any sudden and violent contraction of one or more muscles

broad term that refers to cognitive devicit, including memory impairment

inability to learn and process written language despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability and exposure

autoimune condition that causes acute imflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness

painful, acute infectious disease of the posterior root ganglia of only a few segments of the spinal or cranial nerves, also called shingles

inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration

accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones

abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli; sluggishness

nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor

acial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve, associated with herpes virus

type of paralysis that effects movement and body position and sometimes speech and learning disability

major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meetnig challenges of daily life

defect in which the neural tube (tissue that forms the brain and spinal cord in the fetus) fails to close during embryogensis

most severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine

form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin

sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity

inflammation of the gray mater of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of teh brain, liver and possibly, the pancreas, heart, kindey spleen, and lymph nodes

severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve felt at the base of the spine, down the thigh, and radiating down the leg due to ca conmpressed nerve

temporary loss of conciousness due to teh sudden delcine of blood flow to the brain, also called fainting

general type of seizure characterized by loss of consciousness and stiffening of the body (tonic phas) followed by rhythmic, jerking movements (clonic phase)

temporary interference with blood supply ot hte brain lasting from a fwe minutes to a few hours

• recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses
• different wave patterns are associated with normal and abnormal waking and sleeping patterns

recording of electrical signals (Action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to asses nerve damage

needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents in to the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected; aka spinal puncture or spinal tap

test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve

series of chemical, microscopic, and microbial tests used to diagnose disorders of the CNS, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemmorage

• radiography of the blood vessels after intro of a contrast medium
• visualize vascular abnormalities

angiogaphy of blood vessels of the brani after injection of a contrast medium; aka cerebral arteriography

imaging technique ahcieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and mesuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

diagnostic radiological exam of the spinal canal, nerve roots, and spinal cord after injectin of contrast medium into the spinal canal

• scan using ct to record the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produce a cross-sectional image of meabolic activity in body tissues to determine the pressence of a disease
• useful to diagnose disorders involving abnormal tissue metabolism

imaging procedure using high -frequency sound waves that display the reflected echos on a monitor

ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the bain and conditions that case a shift in the midline structures of the brain

technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold and destroy it

precise method of locating and destroying sharply circumscribed lesions on specific, tiny areas of pathological tissue in deep-seated structures of CNS

partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractabl pain, involuntary movements, or emotional disturbances

transectino of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord

interruption of the function of the vagus nerve to relieve peptic ulcer

• act upon the brain to produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness
• propofol

• act upon nerves or nerve tracts to affect local area only
• procaine, lidocaine

• prevent uncontrolled neruon activity assoc with seizures by altering electrical transmission along neurons or altering the chemical composition of neruotransmitters; aka antiepileptics
• carbamazepine, valproate

• control tremors and muscle rigidity assoc with Parkinson disease by increasing dopamine to the brain
• levodopa, levodopa/carvidopa

• treat psychosis, paranoia, and schizoprenai by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system
• clozapine, risperidone

• treat multiple symptoms of depressin by increasing levels of specific NT
• paroxetine, fluoxetine

• depress CNS functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and reslessness
• seconal, temazepam

• reduce impulsive behavior by increasing the level or NT
• dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate

Alzheimer disease

amyotrohic lateral sclerosis aka Lou Gehrig disease

brain electrical activity mapping

cerebral palsy

cerebral spinal fluid

cereralvascular accident

electromyography

intracranial pressure

loss of conciousness

lumbar puncture

magnetic resonsnace angiogram

magnetic resonance imaging

musculoskeletal, multiple sclerosis, mental status, mitral stenosis

nerve conduction velocity

sympathetic nervous system

transient ischemic attack

adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images fall on the retina of the eye

clearness or sharpness of a sensory function

tissues or structures in the body adjacent to or near a related structure

being loosely joined or connected together to allow motion between the parts

any fluid or semifluid of the body

• series of intricate comunicating passages
• -labryinth of ear includes cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule

substance that does not allow the passage of light; not transparent

fluid that very closely resembles spinal fluid but found in the cochlea

light sensitive pigment in the retinal cones and rods that absorbs light and initiates the visual process; also called visual pigment

ability to bend light rays as they pass frmo one medium to another

layer or coat of tissue; also called membrane layer

dull, dim

eyelid

pupil

pupil

ciliary body of eye; circular; cycle

tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)

dimness of vision

vision

prolapse or downward displacement of the eyelid

prolapse, downward displacement

disease of teh choroid

pertaining to the conjunctiva

instrument for measuring the pupil

process of recording teh movement of the pupil

pertaining to the cornea

paralysis of the ciliary body

paralysis

tumorlike swelling of the lacrimal duct

incision of the lacrimal duct or sac

incision

lacrimial sac

gray

angle

iris

horny tissue; hard; cornea

eye

eye

eye, vision

eye, vision

lens

light

old age

prolapse of the lacrimal sac

gray tumor

visual examinatino of the irideocorneal angle

paralysis of the sphincter of the iris

incision of the cornea

fungal infectin of the eye or its parts

fungus

specialist in teh study of eye

act of measuring vision

herniatino (displacement) of the lens nito the interior chamber of the eye

abnormal fear of light

poor vision associated with old age

retina

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

darkness

vitreous body (of eye)

labyrinth (inner ear)

mastoid process

ear

tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

abnormal condition of the retina

softening fo the sclera

dark, tumorlike spot

removal of the contents of teh vitreous chamber

instrument to measure hearing

incision of the labyrinth

removal of the mastoid process

discharge of pus from the ear

instrument to examine the eustachian tubes

excision of the stapes

abnormal condition due to fungal infectin of the typanic membrane

forming an opening ni the tympanic membrane

hearing

hearing

vision

vision

turning

outside, outward

not hearing (deafness)

hearing loss associated with old age

double vision

inequality of vision in the two eyes

turning inward of the eyes; also called convergent strabismus or crossed eyes

inward

abnormal turning outward of one or both eyes; also caled divergent stravismus

turning

escess (farsighted) vision

severe congenital deficiency in color perception; aka complete color blindness

small, hard tumor developing on the eyelid, somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst

inflammatino of the conjunctiva with vascular congestion, producing a red or pink eye; may be secondary to viral, bacterial, or fungal infections or allergy

medial movement of the two eyballs so that they are both directed at the object being viewed

• measurement of refractive error
• when D is negative, an eye has myopia
• when D is positive eye with hyperopia

eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid

• state of normal vision
• when eye is at rest, the image is focused directly on the retina

inversion or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid

abnormal overflow of tears

• protrusion of one or both eyeballs
• common causes include hyperactive thyroid, trauma and tumor

localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid, generally caused by a bacterial infection; aka stye

visual distortion of objects

impaired vision in dim light; also called night bilndness

involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision

edema and hyperemia of the optic disc usually associated with increased intracranial pressure; aka choked disc

unusual intolerance nad sensitivity to light

loss of accommodation of teh crystalline lens associated with the aging process

any disorder of retinal blood vessels

chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis common in the southwestern US that typically leads to blindness

area within which objects may be seen when teh eye is in a fixed position

comlete deafness; aka anacusia

blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear (conduction pathway)

inflammatino of the inner ear that usually results from an acute febrile process

disorder of teh labyrinth that leads to progressive loss of hearing

condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, caused by sounds that are "too long, too loud, or too close"

infection of the external auditory canal

impairment of hearing resulting from old age; also called presbyacusia

tubes that are inserted through the typanic membrane, commonly to treat chronic otitis media; aka tympanostomy tubes or ventilation tubes

perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present

hallucination of movement, or a feeling of spinning or dizziness

measurement of hearing acuity at various sound wave frequencies

test that uses different water temps to assess teh vestibular portion of the nerve of teh inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine if nerve dammage is teh cause of vertigo

method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscels

measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels

evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force

part of an eye examinztion that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet

examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma

visual examinatin of the interior of the eye using a hand-held instrument called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnificatino and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye

visual exam of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope

procedure that assess the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure

evaluation of refractive errors of the eye by projecting a light into the eys and determining the movemnet of reflected light rays

radiographic imaging procedures of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts

assesses blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injection of fluorescein dye. the dye circulates while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained

exerceises intended to improve eye movemnets or visual tracking that use training glasses, prism glasses, or tinted or colored lenses

cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue from above nd below the eyes that commonly form as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun

artificial hearing device that produces useful hearing sensations by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear; aka bionic ear

formation of an opening between the antior chaber and the suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma

removal of the eyball from the orbit

removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and cornea intact

surgical opening of a cavity within the mastoid process

corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinna

method of treating cataracts by using ultrasonic waves to disintegrate a cloudy lens, which is then aspirated and removed

incision of the cornea for treament of nearsightedness or astigmatism

surgical formation of an opening in the sclera

method use to evaluate sound conduction using a vibrating tuning fork

tuning fork test that evalates bone cnoduction (BC) versus air conduction (AC) of sound

tuning fork test that evaluates bond conduction of sound in both ears at the same time

reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly due to perforation; aka myringoplasty

• inhibit growth of microorganisms that infect the eye
• dispensed as topical ointments and solutions to treat various bacterial eye infections such as conjunctivitis (pink eye)
• erythromycin base

• decrease aqueous humor production by constricting the pupil to open the angle between the iris and cornea
• timolol (Betimol) , acetazolamide (Diamox)

• drugs that disrupt parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate
• commonly used to dilate the pupil to treat inflammatory conditions or in preparation for internal examinations of the eye
• atropine sulfate

• constrict the small arterioles of the eye, decreasing redness and relieving conjunctival congestion
• otc products that temporarily relieve the itching and minor irritation commonly associated with allergy
• tetrahydrozoline (Murine, Visine)

• sooth dry eyes due to environmental irritants and some allergens
• administered topically and may also be used to facilitate ophthalmoscopic examination in gonioscopy and ophthalmoscopy
• buffered isotonic solutions (Akwa Tears, moisure eyes)

• treat and prevent nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and vertigo by reducing the sensitivity of the inner ear to motion or inhibiting stimli from reaching the part of the brain that triggers nausea and vomiting
• meclizine (Antrizine, Bonine, Meni-D)

• provide temporary relief from pain and inflammation assoc with otic disorders
• may be perscribed for otitis media, otitis externa, and swimmer's ear. some are also wax emulsifiers
• antipyrine and benzocaine (Allergan Ear Drops, A/B Otic)

• loosen and help remove impacted cerumen (ear wax)
• carbamide peroxide (Debrox drops, Murine ear drops)

accommodation

age-regulated macular degeneration

astigmatism

conductive keratoplasty; creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme)

diopter (lens strength)

emmetropia

extraocular movement

intraocular lens

intraocular pressure

laser-assisted in sitsu keratomileusis

mixed astigmatism

myopia (near sightedness)

air conduction

right ear

right ear

doctor of optometry

left eye

both eyes

pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation

radial keratotomy

small incision cataract surgery

slit lamp examination; systemic lupus erythematosus

estropia

visual acuity

visual field

exotropia

left ear

both ears

bond conduction

noise-indced hearing loss

otitis media

physical exammination; pulmonary embolism; pressureequalizing tube

upper respiratory infection