Earth Science test 1

positive charge

negative charge

one or more valance electrons transfered

one or more valence electrons shared

covalent bond found in metals

• Naturally occuring
• inorganic
• have crystal structure
• definite chemical composition

• color
• streak
• hardness
• luster
• crystal form
• cleavage
• fracture
• specific gravity

light silicates

dark silicates

fine grained

coarse grained

2 crystal sizes larger one phenocrysts smaller ground mass

extremely coarse grained

incorporatinbg clocks of country rock with magma to change composition of rock

2 types of magma form rock

structures that result from emplacement of igneous material below earth's surface

inclusion of unmelted country rock in an igneous pluton

• shape: tabular=flat
• massive

orientation: Discordant- cuts across structures

concordant- parallel to structures

• dikes-discordant
• sill-concordant
• laccolith-both
• batholith-discordant

• fossils
• info of past
• resources (coal, iron, aluminum, salt)

• Sediment broken down by weathering then compacted,cemented together
• (colglomerate, sandstone,shale)

precipitated by chemical or biochemical process (limstones(coquina,chalk) dolostone, rock salt)

• shallow marine
• deep marine
• reef

• beach
• barrier island
• laggon
• delta
• tidal flat

both inorganic and organic material , water, air.

• parent material
• time
• climate(hot better than cold)
• plat and animal activity
• slope topography

downhill movement of rock and unconsolidated debris under influence of gravity

• slides-movent of debris and rock along slip surface (landslide)
• flows- movement of debris with aid of water (mudflow)
• falls- movement of debris through air (rock off cliff)

slope of stream

• shape
• size
• roughness of channel

volume flow (measured in cubic feet/second)

chemicals in solution

particles carried by water

material carried along streams bottom

upper limit of zone of saturation within ground water

ability to carry load based on particle size and stream velocity

max stream load

surface water infiltrates into groundwater

groundwater feeds surface water

groundwater is lifted above water table by capillary action

unconsolidated sediments and or bedrock above the water table inluding capillary fringe

water table and below

void spaces within ground

ability of unconsolidated sediments or bedrock to transmit water through void spaces

volume of saturated materials below water table capable of sustaining a useful supply of groundwater

impermeable layer that prevents flow of groundwater

water table that is over an aquiclude

where water table reaches earth's surface

dug into aquifer to remove ground water

water level in a well resulting from pumping

horizontal area around a well where water table is effected by pumping

gain flow from groundwater discharge

looses flow to recharge ground water

mining of ground water

sinking of land surface over aquifer

slatwater invading over pumped nearshore aquifers

• improve irrigation technology
• line canals
• use crops that need less water
• low flow toliets
• fix leaky pipes

• ground water recharge zones
• natural filters to clean water
• natural sediment traps
• store flood waters
• provide habitat for wildlife

may result in formation of caves (stalactites, stalagmites, columns, flowstones)

• sinkholes
• sinking streams
• caves
• (depressional formations)