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Barbiturates
- Drugs that are chemical derivatives of barbituric acid and act as CNS depresents
- Work by impraring chemical transmissions of impulses across synapses in the brain stem
- Barbs: Phenobarbital, Pentobarbital, Primidone
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Phenobarbital
- Long acting (6-8hrs)
- Depresses the motor centers of the cerebral cortex
- Choce of anticonvulsant for dogs and cats
- C-IV controlled
- Oral (tablet, elixir) & Parenterally (IV) to control seizures
- Brand names: Solfoton, Luminal, Barbita & generic forms
- Increase in liver enzymes (esp. if on alk Phos and ALT)
- SE: araxia (temp), drowsiness, liver damage, respiratory depression, PU/PD, polyphagia
- Blood samples taken to determine leveles and doses altered accordingly
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Pentobarbital
- Short acting (1-2hrs)
- Used to control seizures esp. when caused by toxins (ex. astrychnine)
- C-II controlled
- IV, or Oral (less common)
- Brand names: Nembutal, Somnotol, & generics
- SE: repiratory depression, hypothermia
- SQ & perivascularly routes avoided ( can be very irritating)
- **Also used as euthanasia solu.
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Primidone
- Structurally similar to Phenobarbital (broken down to phenobarb. and phenylethylmalondiamide
- C-IV???
- Oral
- Brand Names: Mylepsin, Mysoline, Neurosyn, & generics
- Can induce liver enzymes that increse its own & other drug metabolism
- SE: Ataxia, PU/PD & polyphagia
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Benzodiazepines
- Drugs that the effects of GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter that stabilizes nerve cell membranes)
- ** Also cause muscle relaxation and relieve anxiety
- Bens: Diazepam, Lorazepam, Clorazepate
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Diazepam
- Short acting (3-4 hrs)
- Works by increasing GABA
- C-IV controlled
- IV (status epilepticus - rapid succession of epileptic seizure), oral as an adjunct to treatment
- Once seizures are under control, oral anticonvulsant therapy is initiated
- Brand name: Valium
- SE: CNS excitement (contraditory) & weakness
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Lorazepam
- Long acting (5-6?)
- C-IV controlled
- Easier to admin to patients w/ status epi
- IN, IM, & buccal
- Brand name: Ativan
- SE: increased appetite, ataxia, vocalization
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Clorazepate
- C-IV controlled
- Oral as an adjunt anticonvulsant (usually w/ Pheno) & for behavioral phobias
- Brand Names: Cloraze Caps, Tranxene-SD, GenENE
- SE: sedation, ataxia
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Phenytoin
- Used in human med
- Undesirable SE: inc. rapid blood pressure decreases - severely limited use in animals
- Brand name: Dilantin
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Add-ons
Adds: Levitiracetam, Zonisamide, Gabapentin, Felbamate
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Levitiracetam
- Binds to a synaptic vesicle protein (SV2A) that affects neurotransmission, preventing propagations of seizure activity
- 100% bioavaliabe in Oral (tablet &solution) add-on in dogs & cats w/ refracory epilepsy & also IV as bolus for dogs w/ status epi.
- Brand name: Keppra
- SE: sedation, ataxia, andorexia
- Not metabolized by liver (valuble in animals w/ pheno. hepatic toxicity)
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