Psych test #2

allows us to receive information from the world around us

is the rare condition in which a person experiences more than one sensation from a single stimulus, for example the person who can hear and see a sound

The process of converting an outside stimulus into the electrical-chemical signal of the nervous system is called?

Outside stimuli (such as the sound
of your mother’s voice) activate WHAT? which convert the outside stimulus into a message that our nervous system can understand—electrical and chemical signals. They are also specialized forms of neurons and make up part of our somatic nervous system

Who were the two pioneers in the study of sensory thresholds?

Weber studied the smallest difference
between two stimuli that a person could detect 50 percent of the time. What is this called?

The fact that the jnd is always a constant is known?

Fechner investigated the lowest
level of a stimulus that a person could detect 50 percent of the time. What is this called?

What are the two methods our body uses to ignore unchanging information?

takes place when the lower
centers of the brain prevent conscious attention to a constant stimulus, such as the humming of a desktop
computer

occurs in the sensory receptors themselves when the receptors stop responding to a constant stimulus, such as the feeling of your shirt on your skin

What is activated by photons of light that have specific wavelengths associated
with them?

What are the three psychological aspects to our experience of light?

What is determined by the
height, or amplitude, of the light wave?

also known as hue is determined by the length of the light wave

also known as purity and is determined by the mixture of wavelengths of varying heights and lengths that make up light

Light enters your eye through the cornea that protects your eye and helps to focus the light, and then travels through a hole in your iris, called your pupil. The iris is a group of muscles that control the size of the pupil; this is also the structure that gives us eye color. The light then passes through the lens, which focuses the light and allows you to focus on objects that are close or far away. What is this process called?

What is located at the back of your eye?

What two types of sensory receptors does your eye have?

70% of your sensory receptors in your eyes are what?

Give two facts about rods.

Our eyes’ ability to adapt to a dark room and eventually see objects is mediated
by the rods in our eyes and is called?

Our ability to quickly adapt when we
enter a bright room that is accomplished by our cones is called?

The place where the information from the rods and cones leaves the eye because it contains no visual receptors to receive information is called?

After light is converted to an electrical-chemical signal by the rods and cones, the message passes through the bipolar cells, to the ganglion cells, the axons of which travel out of the eye as what?

originally proposed by Thomas Young and later modified by Hermann Helmholtz; this theory suggests the three types of cones—red, green, and blue— combine to produce sensation of color much like three spotlights would combine to produce the full spectrum of colors

The trichromatic theory most likely is an accurate description of the cones but cannot
explain certain visual phenomena such as what?

A different theory of color perception developed to explain phenomena such as the afterimage. The theory states that cones are arranged in pairs with a red-green pair and a blue-yellow pair. If one member of the pair is firing then the other
member cannot. What is this theory called?

What is caused by defective cones in the retina?

lack of functioning red cones

deficient green cones result in?

Blue- yellow color deficiency is less common and is seen in individuals with nonfunctional blue cones is known as?

activated by the vibrations of molecules in the air that surrounds us

corresponds to the frequency of the wave

determined by the amplitude of the wave

relates to the purity of the wavelengths

waves per second is a measurement known as what?

Sound waves enter our auditory system through the what?

ear canal is also known as what?

what are the sensory receptors of the auditory system?

the movement of the hair cells triggers an action potential in axons, which travel to the brain in a bundle called what?

states that pitch is determined by the place on the organ of Corti that is stimulated

suggests that the speed of vibrations of the basilar membrane determine the pitch heard by the person

suggests that hair cells take turns firing in a process called volleying

can be used to restore some hearing for people with nerve hearing impairment

the sense of taste that is activated by chemicals that dissolve in the mouth

The sensory receptors are receptor cells found within WHAT that are located on the little bumps on the tongue, cheek, and roof of your mouth?

Five basic tastes

sense of smell

Olfactory receptor cells send their axons directly to the WHAT, located right under the frontal lobes?

The sense of touch is actually composed of several sensations and is more accurately referred to as?

three somesthetic senses

suggests that pain information is regulated by a number of factors in the brain and spinal cord

information comes from sensory receptors which are located in your skin, joints,
muscles, and tendons

sense of balance is regulated by receptor cells in the otolith organs and the semicircular canals

escribes a phenomenon by which
information from the eyes may conflict with information from the vestibular system, causing dizziness

the interpretation of sensation and seems to follow some basic principles, although
individual and cultural differences in perception have been recorded

when we tend to view objects as the same size, shape, and brightness even if the sensations we are receiving from our sensory systems are not constant in size, shape, or brightness.

psychologists believe that when people are presented with visual information, they interpret the information according to certain expected patterns or rules. The patterns are called what?

What are Gestalt's principles of perception?

a perception that does not correspond to reality

occurs when a person uses preexisting knowledge to fit individual features into an organized whole

If there is no expectancy to
help organize information, a person might use WHAT to build a complete perception by
making sense of the smaller features piece by piece?

the process that allows us to adapt to the changing conditions of the environment around us and is defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

a Russian physiologist, discovered
one of the simplest forms of learning called classical conditioning

an involuntary response that is not under personal choice or control

What does the term learning really mean?

How was classical conditioning first studied?

occur when an organism becomes nauseated some time after eating a certain food, which then becomes aversive to the organism

Some kinds of conditioned responses are more easily learned than others because of?

Pavlov believed that the NS became a substitute for the UCS through what?

What asserts that the CS has to provide some kind of information or expectancy about the coming of the UCS in order for conditioning to occur

A response followed by a pleasurable consequence will be repeated, but a response followed by an unpleasant consequence will not be repeated. What is this called?

Why did Skinner use the term operant conditioning?

a response is followed by the presentation of a pleasurable stimulus

a response is followed by the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

the reinforcement of successive approximations to some final goal, allowing behavior to be molded from simple behavior already present in the organism

occurs when each and every correct response is followed by a reinforcer

only some correct responses are followed by reinforcement, is much more resistant to extinction

a certain number of responses is required before reinforcement is given

a varying number of responses is required to obtain reinforcement

at least one correct response must be made within a set interval of time to obtain reinforcement

reinforcement follows the first correct response made after an interval of time that changes for each reinforcement opportunity

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

a response is followed by the application or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus, such as a spanking

a response is followed by the removal of some pleasurable stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy for misbehavior

What are some problems with using punishment?

the reinforcement of successive approximations to some final goal, allowing behavior to be molded from simple behavior already present in the organism

states that learning requires cognition, or the influence of an organism's thought processes

acquired by watching others perform, or model, certain actions

Ex. of observational learning

What is a real-world example of the use of conditioning?

naturally occurring stimulus

starts out as a neutral stimulus, but when paired with the unconditioned stimulus it ellicts a conditioned response

tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus(ex:person reacts with anxiety to a dentist drill and reacts with some anxiety when hearing that similar sound)

Occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways
ex: although the similar drilling sound causing anxiety as the dentist drill, it will eventually not cause this reaction when it is not associated with the actual pain

disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus or the removal of the reinforcer

reappearance of a learned response after the extinction has occurred

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

Four elements of observational learning

bends light waves so the image can be focused on the retina

its muscles control the size of the pupil

iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the nvironment

changes shape to bring objects into focus

contains photoreceptor

where the optic nerve leaves the eye. There are no photoreceptors here. AKA optic disc

sends visual info to the brain

What are the Gestalt principles of perception?

Which of the following represents the correct path of light through the eye?

If you wanted to locate a dimly lit star better at night, what should you do?

Which theory of color vision best accounts for afterimages?

Which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color or hue of light?

The eardrum is also called the?

If the bones of the middle ear begin to deteriorate, you will develop __________ hearing impairment

The receptors on our taste buds work most like

Pain sensations in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that are carried on large nerve fibers are called?

In gate-control theory, substance P does what?

The tendency to perceive a quarter as being round even when it is viewed at an angle is called?

A reversible figure, such as the Necker cube, makes use of which principle of perception?

Ned found a decaying carcass lying on the beach one day. Looking at the size of the body (which had decomposed quite a bit), Ned decided that it was the body of a sea monster, something like the Loch Ness monster in Scotland. If we know that Ned loves to read about weird, mythical animals, we might expect that he has made an error of perception due to?

The first time Joe had to put together a child’s bicycle, it took a long time. But several bicycles later, he’s a whiz at constructing them. His improved speed and skill can be attributed to?

Ed noticed that whenever he used his electric can opener, his cat would come into the kitchen and act hungry—drooling and mewing pitiably. He reasoned that because he used the can opener to open the cat’s food, the sound of the can opener had become a(n)?

The prologue is about Angelica’s fear of clowns as a child. The fact that she was not only afraid of the circus clown but also other types of clowns is an example of?

The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called?

In Watson’s experiment with “Little Albert,” the unconditioned stimulus was?

Often, people with certain types of cancer must take chemotherapy treatments. The drugs used in these treatments are powerful and usually cause strong nausea reactions. If Cindy had scrambled eggs for breakfast and then took a chemotherapy treatment later that same morning, what might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?

Your pet parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti noodles. Later the poor bird gets very ill. What would the research on biological preparedness predict?

In a popular television series, Desmond lived in a bunker underground on a mysterious island. He had one task: When the alarm sounds, type in a series of numbers on the computer and push enter. Desmond was being reinforced for doing so by avoiding some terrible disaster that would occur if he did not type in the numbers at the right time—every 108 minutes. What kind of schedule of reinforcement was Desmond on?

Joe was trying to get tickets to a concert and called the ticket outlet only to find that the phone line was busy. He dialed again—busy—and then again and again, sometimes waiting a minute, sometimes a few minutes, not knowing how much time would go by before his call would go through. What schedule of reinforcement is evident here?

Elizabeth’s parents want her to put her clothes in the hamper. At first, they praise her for putting the clothes together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the clothes on the same side of the room as the hamper. When she gets the clothes on top of the hamper, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her clothes in the hamper. This is an example of?

Ella is teaching her parrot a new word. Every time the parrot says a sound that is close to the new word, she gives it a treat. But the parrot keeps repeating other words it has learned in the past, trying to get a treat that way. The parrot is exhibiting?

Applied behavior analysis involves?

the mental events that take place while a person is behaving

In Tolman’s maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats had what?

Seligman found many similarities between his “helpless” dogs and people suffering from what?

Köhler determined that Sultan’s two-stick solution to the banana problem was an example of insight because it was what?

In Bandura’s study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group that saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of?

Miranda wanted to make a casserole she saw on a TV food show. She bought the ingredients, put them together, baked it, and served it at dinner that night. To her horror, it tasted awful. She realized that she had left out a key ingredient and vowed next time to write everything down as she watched the show. Miranda’s dinner disaster was an example of failing at which of Bandura’s four elements of observational learning?