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What 2 cavities does the Dorsal Cavity contain?
The Cranial (Brain) and Spinal (Spinal Cord) Cavity
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What lines the Dorsal cavity?
The meninges, Pia,Arachnoid,Dura
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What cavities are contained in the Ventral Cavity?
Thoracic (Pleural, Mediastinum,Pericardial) and Abdominalpelvic Cavity
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What is in the Pleural cavities?
Lungs
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What is in the Mediastinum cavity
Trachea,glands etc
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What is in the Pericardial cavity?
Heart
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What lines the Ventral Cavity?
The serous membrane which is made up of epithelium (mesophilium) and Connective Tissue (loose areola)
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What separates the Abdominopelvic cavity and the Thoracic Cavity?
Diaphragm
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Define the Parietal of the Serous Membrane
Part of membrane that adheres to the cavity wall
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Define the Visceral of the Serous Membrane
Part of the membrane that adheres to the organs
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What does serous membrane produce, and what is it's function
Serous membrane produces serous fluid, which lubricates the parietal and visceral layers to glide over one another
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What is the serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity called?
Pleura, when it is inflammed it is called pleuritis
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What is the serous membrane that lines the pericardial called?
Pericardium, when it's inflammed it is calld pericarditis
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What is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal called?
Peritouneum, when inflammed it is called peritonitis
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Where does blood come from initially?
The mesoderm germ layer of the embryo
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What are the germ layers of an embryo?
Ectoderm (nervous), Mesoderm (Muscle+CT), Endoderm (epithelium)
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What type of tissue is blood?
Connective Tissue
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What type of tissue does the mesoderm create?
Mesenchme tissue, these cells are unspecialized, but they become specialized
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If the mesenchyme cell becomes a fibroblast what will it end up as?
Fibrocyte, which creates CT proper
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If the mesnechyme cell becomes a chondroblast what will it end up as?
Condrocyte, which creates cartilage
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If the mesenchyme cell becomes an osteoblast what will it end up as?
Osteocyte, which creates Bone
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If the mesenchyme cell becomes a Hemocytoblast what will it end up as?
Blood
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Where does blood formation occur in an embryo?
In the Yold Sac
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Where does blood formation occur in an early fetus?
Liver
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Where does blood formation occur in a Late fetus
Spleen
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Where does blood formation occur in a child
skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, hip, humerus, femur
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Where does blood formation occur in an adult
skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, hips
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What is the function of Blood?
- Distributes Oxygen, nutriests, waste and hormones
- Regulates Body Temp
- Protects against blood loss and infection
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What are the 3 ways to draw blood?
Venipuncture, arterialpuncture, Peripheral Capillaries
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What is a venipuncture?
Blood drawn from a vein, usually median cubital vein used for its superficial location and low BP
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What is an arterial puncture?
Blood drawn from an artery, usually the brachial or radial artery. Used to measure efficieny of gas exchange
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How is blood drawn from the peripheral cappillaries?
From fingertip, earlobe, heel in infant. Used for blood smear
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What is the color of blood?
Bright red if rich with oxygen, dark red w/ blueish tint if low in oxygen
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What is the temperature of blood?
100.4 F/ 38 C
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What is the volume of blood in a human?
Men have 5-6L, women have 4-6L
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What are the 3 components of blood and their percentages?
- Plasma-55%
- RBC- 45%
- Buffy Coat >1%
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What is Hematocrit?
- The % of total blood volume represented by cells (meaning your RBC).
- VPRC- packed red blood cells
- PCV- Packed cell volume
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What is the hematocrit average for men? for women?
- Men- 40%-54%, average 47%
- Women- 37%-47% average 42%
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Reb blood cells are also called...
Erythrocytes
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1ml of blood has how much RBC in it?
4.5-6.3 x 10 g per cubic milimeter
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What is rouleaux?
The stacking of RBC in inflammation and large vessels
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What is spectrin?
A cytoskeletal protein that gives RBC flexibility to pass through small or bent areas
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What is the function of the RBC?
To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in it's hemoglobin
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What is the Heme in hemoglobin?
a porphyin, an organic substance that carries metal.
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What is the globin in hemoglobin?
a protein or amino acid, contains 4 polypeptide chains
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How is a polypeptide formed?
When 2 amino acids combine and release h2o
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How much oxygen can one hemoglobin carry?
4 oxygen cells
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How many hemoglobins are in one RBC?
280 million
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What is Oxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin with Oxygen
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What is deoxyhemoglobin?
When hemoglobin gives off oxygen to tissue
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What is carbaminohemoglobin?
Hemoglobin with Carbon Dioxide
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Name the steps in eythropoiesis
Mesoderm makes mesenchyme cells which turn into hemocytoblasts which create blood
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What is hematopoiesis?
Eythropoiesis?
Leukopoiesis?
- Blood creation
- RBC creation
- WBC creation
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What does oxygen bind to in Hemoglobin
Iron
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What does Cardon Dioxide bind to in Hemoglobin?
The globin protein
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Which stem cell is used in Erythropoises?
Myeloid Stem Cell
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How long does it take erythopoiesis take?
5-7 days
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What is the process of Erythopoiesis?
Myeloid Stem Cell, Proerythroblast, early erythroblast, late erythroblast, normal blast stage, reticulocyte, erythrocyte
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What is a proerythroblast?
A commited cell that creates RBC
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What occurs during the early erythroblast stage?
an abundance of ribosomes form to produce protein
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What occurs during the late erythroblast stage?
Hemoglobin is synthesized
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What occurs during the normal blast stage?
Nucleus begins to degenerate and is ejected from the cell with most of the other organelles, this gives the RBC it's collapsed middle
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What occurs in the reticulocyte stage?
RBC leaves production site
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What occurs during the erytocyte stage?
The RBC is circulating throughout the system
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Is the RBC anaerobic or aerobic, why?
Anaerobic, because the mitochondria is ejected during erythropoiesis
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What is transferrin?
the iron that is found in the blood
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What hormone controls erythropoieisis?
Erythropoietin, produced by the liver and kidney
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Why does hypoxia occur?
Because the RBC count drops and therefore oxygen availability is reduced
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What is anemia?
a condition characterized by the bloods inability to carry adequate oxygen
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What are the causes of anemia?
- decrease in number of RBC
- abnormal hemoglobin content
- abnormal hemoglobin
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What is hemorrhagic anemia?
Due to decrease in number of RBC, it is acute (caused by trauma) or chronic (losing small amounts of blood for a long time)
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What is hemolytic Anemia?
Due to decrease in number of RBC, it's due to a disease
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What is aplastic Anemia?
Caused by decreased RBC count, due to chemicals/toxin/radiation
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What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?
Caused by Abnormal hemoglobin content, occurs during pregnancy
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What is Pernicious Anemia?
Caused by abnormal hemoglobin content, it's an autoimmune disorder
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What is thalessemia?
Caused to abnormal hemoglobin, inability to produce altha or beta chain of hemoglobin
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Sickle cell anemia
cause by abnormal hemoglobin, problem with the beta chain of hemoglobin
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What is polycythemia?
an exxagerated increase in RBC, makes blood tick and hinders blod flor
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What is Primary/Vera polycythemia?
due to an increase in RBC, often found in bone marrow cancer patients
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What is Secondary polycythemia?
Due to an increase in RBC, found in areas of high altitude or blood doping
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What are the 3 granulocytes, and their percentages?
Neutrophils 40%-70%, Basophils 0%-1%, Eosinophils 1%-4%
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What are the 2 agranulocytes and their percentages?
monocytes 4%-8%, lyphocytes 20%-45%
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What is the diameter of a RBC?
7.5 micrometers
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What are the characteristics of WBC?
- Diapedesis-ability to leave the circulatory system,
- Amoeboid Motion- Moves like an amoeba
- Positive Chemotasis- Releases chemical that calls other WBC
- Phagocytosis- cell eating
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What color do Neutrophilis show up as?
lilac
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Why is a neutrophil name as it is?
Because it takes acidic and basic dyes
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What do the granuals in a neutrophil contain?
- defensins- antibiotic like proteins
- lysosomes- digestive enzyme
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What is a neutrophils job?
phagocytosis, eating bacteria
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Why is eosinophil names as it is?
Because it likes acid and stains red. AKA acidophil
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What is the nucleus in an eosinophil look like?
bipolar nucleus
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What does an eosinophil's job?
- Eats parasites by sprying a basic protein that destroys the parasite
- Also helps in an allergic reaction
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Why is a Basophil named as it is?
Beacsue is likes basic dyes, and stains blue
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What does the nucleus in a Basophil look like?
U or S
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What do the granuals in a basophil contain?
- Histamine- dialates blood vessels
- Heparin- anticoagulant
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What does a monocyte do?
gecomes a phagocytic giant cell that becomes aggressively phagocytic
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What color is a monocyte
pink w/ blueish tinge
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What does the nucleus of a lympocyte look like?
huge and spherical, nearly covers the whole cell
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What are the 3 types of lympocytes?
- T Lymphocyte- involved in cell mediated immunity
- B Lymphocyte- helps produce antibodies, involved in humoral immunity
- NK cell- natural kill cell, immunosurveillance
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What is the process of Leukopoiesis for the granulocytes?
Myeloid Stem Cell > Myeloblast > promylocyte > myelocyte > neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
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What is the process of leukopoiesis for monocytes?
Leukopoiesis > Myeloid Stem cell > monoblast > promonocyte > monocyte
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What is the leukopoieses for a lymphocyte
Leukopoiesis > lymphoid stem cell > prolymphocyte > lymphocyte
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What controls leukopoiesis in Children?
Thymus gland releases thymic hormones which allow for lympocytes which release csf
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What are the different types of csf?
- G-csf: granulate stimulating
- M-csf: monocyte stimulating
- GM-csf: both granulate and monocyte stimulating
- Multi-csf: stimulates all blood cells
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What stimulates leukopoiesis in Adults?
Antigens (foreign invaders)
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What is leukemia?
Cancer of WBC, they cannot protect and they take over RBC space
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What is the difference between acute and chronic leukemia?
- Acute occurs in the -blast stage
- chronic occurs in the -cyte stage
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What are the two cells that leukemia affects?
Myeloid and lymphoid
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What are the 4 types of leukemia?
- Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia
- Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
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What are platelets?
Cell fragments, aka thrombocytes
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What is the process of thrombocytopoiesis?
Myeloid Stem Cell > Megokaryoblast > promegakaryocyte > Megakayocyte, which breaks apart creating platelets
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What controls thrombocytopoiesis?
- Thrombopoietin
- IL-6 (Macrophages)
- Multi- csf (only in children)
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What is plasma made up of?
- Solvent, water 92%
- Solute, 8%
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What is solute of plasma made of?
- Albumin 60%
- Globular Proteins 35%
- Clotting proteins 4%
- Misc. 1%
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What is albumin?
- Important of osmotic pressure, keeps liquid in blood
- helps transport hormones, vitamins and drugs
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What are globular proteins found in plasma?
- 3 types:
- Alpha and Beta: transporting proteins,
- Apolipoproteins
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What are the two clotting proteins?
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What is TXA2?
Thromboxane A2
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What is PGI2?
Prostacyclin
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When a blood vessel is damaged what changes in the PGI2 and TXA2 levels in your blood?
PGI2 goes down, TXA2 increases
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What does the cross section of a blood vessel contain from internal to external?
- Lumen- space where blood passes through
- Endothelial Cells- simple squamous epithelium
- Basement Membrane
- CT
- Smooth muscle
- CT
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What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?
- 1. Vascular
- 2. Platelet
- 3. Coagulation
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What occurs during the vascular phase of hemostasis?
- 1- endothelial cells at site of injury retract and expose blood to basement membrane
- 2- endothelial cells release local hormones and chemical factors
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What are the local hormones released during the vascualr stage of hemostasis?
Endothelins- the stimulate the smooth muscle to contract, whichc makes the blood vessel constrict, which cause blood flow to slow down
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What is the chemical factor released during the vascualr phase of hemostasis?
Van Willebran Factor- it makes the vessel wall sticky
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What occurs during the platelet phase of hemostasis?
- 1-Platelets begin to adhere to vessel wall
- 2- exposed collagen fibers bind to platelet membrane receptor to produce TXA2
- 3- TXA2 leads to platelet degrenulation and releases ADP
- 4- ADP binds to platelet membrane receptro Aggregin, which creates a platelet plug
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What occurs during the coagulation phase of hemostasis?
The clot coagulates
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Need to know about Pathways of hemostasis
- 1- The intrinsic pathway is the longest
- 2- The extrinsic pathway has tissue factore and is shorter than intrinsic pathway
- 3- Both work on inactive factore X (10) to activate it
- 4- Extrinsic pathway forms little thrombin, but does so immediately
- 5- Intrinsic pathway forms a lot of thrombin, but slower
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What occurs during Clot retraction/syneresis?
- -Platelets adhered to fibers contain actin and mysoin whichc begin to contract and pull the fibrous strands back together
- - Endothelians released in the vascualar phase have already started to heal the vessel
- -Platelet derived growth factor stimulates the cells to proliferate
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What is a thrombus?
a clot that forms and persists in walls of an unbroken vessel
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What is Atheroma?
When fatty plaques form in blood vessels
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What is it called when a thrombus is dislodged?
It is called an emolus, which means that it is floating freely in the blood
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What are the 3 bleeding disorders?
- Thrombocytopenia
- Liver Disease
- Hemophilia
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What is thrombocytopenia?
A reduction in the number of platelets which means that your blood won't clot
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What happens if you have liver disease?
Your liver needs Vitamin K to create clotting factors 2,7,9,10. If the liver is compromised clotting could be difficult
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What are the 2 types of hemophilia?
- Type A- deficiency of factor 8
- Type B- deficiency of factor 9, sex related disorder
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