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What are the 3 domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
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Archaea
- -unicellular
- -prokaryotic
- -includes those that live in extreme environments (extremophiles)
- -Methanogens: energy from producing methane from hydrogen
- -Halophiles: thrive in salt-concentrated areas
- -Thermophiles: thrive in high temperatures
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What are the four kingdoms of Eurkarya?
Protista, Fungi, Plants, Animals
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Protista
- -either unicellular, or primitive mulitcellular
- -heterotrophs (amoeba, paramecium) & autotrophs (euglenas)
- -movement by many ways (amoeba=pseudopods, paramecium=cilia, euglena=cilia)
- -those that do not belong in plantae/fungi (ex. seaweed)
- -some congujate to reproduce
- -some can cause diseases (dysentary, malaria)
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Fungi
- -heterotrophs
- -unicellular or multicellular
- -extracellular digestion; hydrolytic enzymes break down food, nutrients absorbed through diffusion
- -decomposers (saprobes -- get food from decaying matter)
- - chitin cell walls
- -reproduce asexually (budding, spores, fragmentation/regeneration) and sexually
- -Examples: yeast, mold, mushrooms, & athlete's foot fungus
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Plantae
- -multicellular, nonmotile, autotrophs
- -cellulose cell walls
- -photosynthesis
- -carbs stored as starch
- -sexual reproductions alternating between gametophyte & sporophyte
- -some have vascular tissue (tracheophytes) and some don't (bracheophytes)
- -Examples: mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
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Animalia
- -heterotrophs, multicellular, motile
- -most reproduce sexually
- -usually, small sperm with flagella fertilizes large egg
- -traditional way to classify animals is embryonic development & anatomical features
- -35 phyla, main 9 phyla -- porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates
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Porifera
- -Sponges
- -No symmetry
- -sessile (no movement)
- -filter nutrients from the water drawn into a central cavity
- -2 layers: ectoderm & endoderm with mesoglea glue in between
- -specialized cells (no tissues/organs); each cell jas many functions
- -evolved from colonial (single-celled) organisms; squeezed through a cheese cloth into individual cells, the cells will aggregate
- -asexual reproduction by fragmentation/regeneration
- - sexual reproduction by hermaphrodites
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Cnidarians
- -hydra and jellyfish
- -radial symmetry
- - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoglea
- -intracellular digestion -- lysosomes
- -extracellular digestions -- gastrovascular cavity
- -stinging cells, cnidocytes
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Platyhelminthes
- -flatworms, tapeworms
- -bilateral symmetry
- -ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
- - ingestion & excretion through one opening
- -body is so flat that cells can exchange nutrients.wastes through diffusionin environment
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Nematodes
- -roundworms
- -unsegmented, bilateral
- -many are parasitic
- -little sensory apparatus
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Annelids
- -bilateral, little sensory apparatus
- -digestion -- crop, gizzard, intestine
- -nephridia for excretion of urea (nitorgen waste)
- -closed circulatory system (heart with 5 aortic arches)
- -blood with hemoglobin carrying oxygen
- -oxygen & CO2 diffused through moist skin
- -hermaphrodites
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Mollusks
- -squids, octopuses, slugs, clams, snails
- -soft body, usually protected byhard calcium-containing shell
- - open circulatory system-- hemocoels & sinuses
- -bilateral
- -head-foot with sensory/motor neurons, visceral mass (digetion, excretion, reprod., etc), mantle (secretes shell)
- -most have gills & nephridia
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Athropods
- -insects, crustacea (shrimp, crab), arachnida (spider)
- -jointed appendages
- -head thorax, abdomen
- -more sensory apparatus
- -chitin exoskeleton
- -open circulatory sytem, tubular heart, hemocoels
- -Malphigian tubules, nitrogenous, uric acid
- -air ducts balled trahea (air from envir. into hemocoels)
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Echinoderms
- -sea stars, sea urchins
- -sessile/slow-moving
- -bilateral symmsetry
- -water vasc. system creates hydrostatic power for tube feet
- -sexual reproduction with external fertilization, fragmentation/regeneration, and fragmentation
- -enoskeleton (usually)
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Chordates
- -fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
- -notochord (rod thet extends length of body and serves as a flexible axis)
- -dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- - tail helps in movement and balance (vestigial in humans)
- -birds & mammals -- homeotherms (consistent body temp)
- -reptiles, amphibians, and fish -- endotherms (raise body temp from inside)
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