Psych 181 Midterm 1

transmit information from the organs and tissues to the Central Nervous System

transmit info from the CNS to the effector cells

receive and pick up messages from other cells

the cell's life support center

a long tubular structure that passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

is an electrical signal that travels down the axon

form junctions with other cells

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

• multipolar
• bipolar
• unipolar

• acetycholine (ACh)
• dopamine
• serotonin
• norepinephrine
• GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
• glutamate

enables muscle action, learning, and memroy

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

helps control alertness and arousal

a manor inhibitory neurotransmitter

major excitatory neuron-transmitter; involved in memory

• §the part of the peripheral nervous
• system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as
• the heart)

• division of the autonomic nervous system
• that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

division of the autonomic nervous system that clams the body, coserving its energy

a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus

• tissue destruction
• naturally or experimentally caused

• * receiving input from the senses
• *processing information by relating it to the previous experiences
• * producing and monitorying bodily actions or output

neurons - specialized to respond rapidly to signals and send signals of their own

• glial cells- physically hold neurons within the nervous system
• - help guide growth of neurons
• -aborb chemicals to maintain stable chemical environment

the gates are closed and positive ions are on the outside with the negative ions on the inside of the cell

• -a neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon
• -generalted by the movement of the positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane
• -this process is due to stimulation from either heat, chemicals, pressure, or light.

the time it takes for the positive ions to be pumped out

• -the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
• -neurons either fire or don't fire: this is called the all or nothing principle

Yes, it has gates which keep electrically charged particles (ions) to enter or keep out

picks up any positive ions from the inside and puts them back outside

when stimulus is large enough to excite a neuron (breaks threshold)- it stops the sodium pump and opens the axon membrane gates which causes the iside and outside of the axon to reverse its charge- it depolarizes the neurons.

receptors receive the neurontransmitters released by the end bulbs

• a brief time after an action potential during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential.
• It repolarizes the neuron by the ions moving back to their original spots

neurons that have no axons or very short axons. they integrate information with a structure rather than sending information between structures.

• satellite
• astrocytes
• oligodendrocytes
• nacroglia

support cells outside of the brain and spinal cord

• largest glia and are named astrocytes because they tend to be star shaped
• they fill the space between neurons, resulting in close contact between the two
• involved in brain-blood barrier
• regulate how far neurostransmitters, released by the terminal button, can spread
• store neurotransmitters
• regulate chemical levels in the extracellular space

• make myelin
• they wrap their processes around most axons in the brain and spinal cord

• smallest of the glia cells
• remove debris from the nervous system

-70 millivolts

part of your nervous system that is encased by bone - includes the brain and spinal cord

• exists outside of protection from bone
• has TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS
• - autonomic nervous system : primarily responsible for regulating internal states
• -----has sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves
• - somatic nervous system : primarily responsible for interacting with the external environment

• the spinal cord is gray on the inside and white on the outside
• has 31 segments and each of these segments has a pair of spinal nerves attached to it

8 cervical segments, 12 thoracic segments, 5 lumbar segments, 5 sacral segments, and 1 cossygeal segment

two bottom bumps that relay auditory information and help to control auditory reflexes (such as orienting oneself to a loud sound)

relay visual information and control simple visual reflexes (such as blinking)

contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life

fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speed neural impulses

chemicals released from the terminal button of a neuron that excite the next neuron into firing

inhibit the next neuron from firing

• associated with motor movement
• lack of this is associated with Alzheimer's disease

• associated with motor movements and alertness
• -lack of this associated with Parkinson's disease and overabundance with schizophrenia

neurotransmitters associated with pain control

• also called sensory neurons
• carry info to the CNS
• responsible for transmitting neural impulses