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What is the definitive host?
Anopheles mosquitos
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What stage of the plasmodium is found in anopheles salivary glands (infective to humans)?
Sporozoites
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Where does asexual reproduction take place?
In human hepatocytes
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What is a hypnozoite?
- Resting stage in humans before asexual replication
- Seen in P. vivax and P. ovale
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What are the 4 main types of malaria?
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmodium ovale
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Schizongony
- Asexual multiplication
- Produces thousands of merozoites per schizont
- Repture of hepatocyte releases merozoites
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Erythrocytic Schizongony
- Asexual multiplication in RBCs
- Likely cause of febrile periodicity
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Plasmodium vivax - Where?
C. America, S. America, East Africa, S. Asia
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Plasmodium vivax - What does it look like?
- Ring trophozoites within enlarged RBCs
- Reddish granules called Schuffners dots
- Infected cell remains smooth
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Plasmodium ovale - Where?
AFRICA, S. America, S. Asia
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Plasmodium ovale - What does it look like?
- Ring trophozoites within enlarged RBCs
- LARGE reddish granules called Schuffners dots
- Infected cell ragged and irregularly shaped
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Plasmodium malariae - Where?
- S. America, Africa, S. Asia
- Less frequent
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Plasmodium malariae - What does it look like?
Elongate trophozoites within normal size RBCs
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Plasmodium falciparum - Where?
Tropics and subtropics ONLY
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Plasmodium falciparum - What does it look like?
- Ring trophozoites within normal size RBCs
- Dark red Maurer's dots
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Malaria - Diagnosis?
- Blood films
- Plasmodial antigen rapid blood tests
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Malaria - Presentation?
- Headache, myalgias, nausea
- Malarial paroxysm (chills as fever rises followed by hot stage)
- Profuse sweating after hot stage
- Acute splenomegaly
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Which form of malaria is associated with most severe complications?
Plasmodium falciparum
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Complications
- Cerebral malaria (falciparum)
- Anemia
- Renal Disease (falciparum and malariae) due to anoxia
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Plasmodium knowlesi
- Found in Malaysia
- Parasite of macaque monkeys, can infect humans
- Resembles P. Malariae
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Antimalarials
- Qunine/quinidine
- Chloroquine
- Primaquine
- Mefloquine
- Tetra/doxycycline
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