Physiology Lecture Ch. 13

• Transportation
• Regulation
• Protection

• Respiratory: Transport 02 and CO2
• Nutritive: Carry absorbed digestion products to liver and to tissues
• Excretory: Carry metabolic wastes to kidneys to be excreted

• Hormonal: Carry hormones to target tissues to produce their effects
• Temperature: Divert blood to cool or warm the body

• Blood clotting
• Immune

• Cardiovascular System (CV)
• Lymphatic System

• Heart: Pumping action creates pressure head needed to push blood through vessels
• Blood vessels: Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins. Permits blood flow from heart to cells and back to the heart

• Lymphatic vessels transport interstitial fluid
• Lymph nodes cleanse lymph prior to return in venous blood

• Plasma
• Plasma proteins
• Serum

• Straw colored liquid
• Consists of H20 and dissolved solutes, ions, metabolites, hormones and antibodies
• * Na+ is the major solute of the plasma

• Constitute 7-9% of plasma
• Albumin: Accounts for 60-80% of plasma proteins and provides the colloid osmotic pressure needed to draw H2O from interstitial fluid to capillaries; helps to maintain blood pressure

• Fluid from clotted blood
• Does not contain fibrinogen

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)-formed in spongy part in compact bone
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Platelets (thrombocyctes)

• Flattened biconcave discs
• Provide increased surface area through which gas can diffuse
• Lack nuclei and mitchondria
• Half life~120 days
• Each RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin with 4 heme chains (contain iron)
• Removed from circulation by phagocytic cells in liver, spleen, and bone marrow

• Contain nuclei and mitchondria
• Move in amoeboid fashion
• Can squeeze through capillary walls (help with infection & healing)
• Almost invisible, so named after their staining properties

• Help detoxify foreign substances
• Release heparin

• Phagocytic
• Produce antibodies

• Smallest of formed elements
• Lack nuclei
• Important in blood clotting. Constitute most of the mass of the clot. Release serotonin to vasoconstrict and reduce blood flow to area.
• Secrete growth factors: Maintain the integrity of blood vessel wall
• Survive 5-9 days

• Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells)
• Erythropoiesis (formation of erythrocytes)
• Leukopoiesis (formation of leukocytes)

Occurs in myeloid tissue (bone marrow of long bones) and lymphoid tissue.

• Erythropoiesis: Formation of RBCs
• Leukopoiesis: Formation of WBCs

• Active process. 2.5 million RBCs are produced every second
• Primary regulator is erythropoietin (hormone secreted by the kidneys)
• Old RBCs are destroyed in spleen and liver. Iron recycled back to myeloid tissue to be reused in hemoglobin production.
• Need iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid for synthesis

Cytokines stimulate different types and stages of WBC production, help differentiate between agranulocyctes and granulocytes

• Each person's blood type determines which antigens (chemical protein) are present on their RBC surface
• Antigens are molecules on the surface of all cells in the body that can be recognized by the immune system of another individual
• As part of the immune response, particular lymphocytes secrete a class of proteins called antibodies that bond in a specific fashion with antigens

• A person may have: Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O
• Each person inherits 2 genes (one from each parent) that control the production of ABO groups

• A: having only A antigens
• B: having only B antigens
• AB: having both A and B antigens (universal recipient)
• O: having neither A nor B antigens (universal donor)

If blood types do not match, the recipients antibodies attach to donors RBCs and agglutinate (clumping of cells together)

• Lack A and B antigens
• Recipients antibodies cannot agglutinate the donors RBCs

• Lack the anti-A and anti-B antibodies
• Cannot agglutinate donors RBCsk

Another group of antigens found on RBCs. Known as D, so is sometimes abbreviated Rho (D)

Has Rho (D) antigens

Does not have Rho(D) anitgens

Rh- mother produces antibodies, which cross placenta. Hemolysis of Rh+ RBCs in the fetus

• Hemostasis or the cessation of bleeding occurs when a blood vessel is injured
• Function of platelets in a damaged vessel result in clotting by producing a platelet plug. Strengthened by activation of plasma clotting factors

fibrin

Contraction of the platelet mass forms a more compact plug

• Plasmin is an enzyme that digests the fibrin. Clot dissolution occurs
• Anticoagulants

• Heparin
• Coumarin

• Blood pH is maintained within a narrow range by lungs and kidneys
• Normal pH of blood is 7.35 to 7.45

• Hypoventilation (low ventilation)
• Accumulation of CO2 (more acidic)
• pH of the blood decreases

• Hyperventilation
• Excessive loss of CO2 (more alkaline)
• pH of the blood increases

• Gain of fixed acid or loss of HCO3
• Plasma HCO3 decreases (more acidic)
• pH of the blood decreases

• Loss of fixed acid or gain of HCO3
• Plasma HCO3 increases (more alkaline)
• pH of the blood increases