Organic Chemistry Chp. 18

Home

Get App

Take Quiz

Create

What are two differential effects between aldehydes and ketones and how do they effect reactivity?
- Inductive effects: contribution of e^- density to the reactive site.
- Steric effects: physical crowding of reactive site.
- Inductive and steric effects make ketones more stable and less reactive than aldehydes.
What reactions are used in chp 18?
- LiAlH₄
- NaBH₄
- RMgX
- Ozonolysis
- PCC
- Na₂Cr₂O₇
- H₂SO₄
- Wittig reaction
- Formation of hydrates, cyanohydrins
- Formation of imines
- Formation of acetals
What is the main group name and the substituent name of aldehydes?

Main group -al, substituent (formyl)
What is the main group name and the substituent name of ketones?

Main group -one, substituent (oxo)
Name the functional groups in decreasing priority?
- Carboxcylic acids
- Esters
- Amides
- Nitriles
- Aldehydes
- Ketones
- Alcohols
- Amines
- Alkenes
- Alkynes
- Alkanes
- Ethers
- Halides
What charge does a Hydride (H:^-) have?

Negative one.
Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4):
- Performs hydride reductions
Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄):
- Performs hydride reductions
How do you asses the oxidation state?
- Degree of oxygen around carbon.
- CH₄ < C-OH < C=O < OH-CH=O < O=C=O
Grignard reagents (R-Mg+-Br-):
- Can form new C-C bonds
- 2 step process, oxyanion formed (R₃C-O^-), quench with water (H₃O⁺), result R₃C-OH
Ozone (O₃):
- Perfomrs ozonolysis
- R₂C=CR₂ => 2 [R₂C=O]
- R'C CR => OH-R'C=O & OH-RC=O
Sodium chromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇) / H₂SO₄:
- Performs oxidation
- Must have -H to carry out reaction
- Can have oxidation states starting at 6 going down to 3 and 4
- Aldehydes can go all the way to carboxcylic acids (OH-RC=O)
Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC):
- Performs oxidation
- Must have -H to carry out reaction
- Stops at aldehyde stage
Wittig Reaction:
- Three steps:
- Preparation of the phosphonium salt of the tertiary phosphine and the halide;
- Formation of the “ylide” from treating “#1” with strong base
- Reaction of the ylide with the carbonyl compound to give the alkene.

Author

jhon1599

103880

Card Set

Organic Chemistry Chp. 18

Description

Aldehydes and Ketones

Updated

2011-09-24T00:10:52Z