-
The descending duodenum is on what side of the abdomen?
Right
-
List the parts of the small and large intestine?
- Sm: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- Lg: cecum colon (ascending, transverse and descending)
- Rectum and anal canal
-
On what side is the cecum located?
Right side
-
To what are species diffferences in the large intestine due?
Modifications in the ascending colon
-
What is the opening of the ileum into the colon (not cecum)?
ileocolic (ileal) opening
-
What is the course of the transveres colon in all domestic species?
right to left craial to root of mesentery
-
On which side of the animal is the descending colon?
left, often called the left colon
-
Where do the anal sacs open?
4 and 8 oclock
-
Where is the liver located
cranial abdomen abutting diaphragm almost completely intrathroacic
-
The renal impression is in which liver lobe>?
caudate lobe (caudate process), on the right
-
What ligament attaches the liver to the stomach?
lesser omentum
-
The common bile duct enters the duodenum at the _ along with the _ duct?
major duodenal papillae, pancreatic duct
-
List the parts of the pancreas and their locations?
right limb, mesoduodenum, body: near pylorus; left limb: deep leaf greater omentum
-
Where is the dorsal end of the spleen located? Ventral?
on left (fixed to greater curvature), variable
-
What is the elongated area of the spleen where vessels enter?
hilus
-
What arteries pass from the spleen to the fundus of the stomach?
short gastic arteries
-
what is an easy way to remember which kidney is more cranial or caudal?
right renal impression of liver or let is left behind
-
what is the expanded proximal end of the ureters?
renal pelvis
-
where does urine drip from kidney?
renal crest
-
which species has capsular veins on the outside of its kidneys
cats
-
what parts of the renal pelvis surrounds the pseudopapillae
pelvic recesses and diverticulae
-
How do the ureters pass through the bladder wall and why
oblique angle to prevent the backflow
-
Where is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
dorsal internal area between the two ureteral openings and opening of the urethra
-
What is a serous membrane?
a thin, continuous membrane living a closed cavity of the body and covering its organs
-
Name the serous membranes of the pericardium, thorax, abdomen and vaginal process
serous pericardium, pleura, peritoneum and vaginal tunic
-
what serous membrane covers the walls of a cavity
parietal
-
What serous membrane covers an organ. Also called serosa
visceral peritoneum often just called serosa or peritoneum
-
What serous membrane connects parietal and visceral or visceral with visceral serosa
connecting
-
List three different types of peritoneum
parietal visceral and connecting
-
list three or four types of connecting peritoneum
mesenteries omenta ligaments and folds
-
What peritoneum connects the liver and the ventral abdominal wall
falciform ligament
-
how many layers are in the different classifications of peritoneum
parietal and visceral- 1 connecting -2
-
what is the peritoneal cavity
potential space between pareital and visceral peritoneum
-
What does retroperitoneal mean?
behind the peritoneum
-
What are the two layers of the greater omentum
superficial and deep layers
-
What is the opening into the omental bursa from the peritoneal cavity
epiploic or omental foramen
-
How are the mesentaries named?
meso + organ connected
-
what is the root of the mesentery?
attachement of the mesentery to the dorsal abdomen
-
Name the 3 main unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?
celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric
-
What do the celiac cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries supply
viscera drained by portal vein
-
What are the three branches of the celiac artery?
hepatic splenic and left gastric
-
how do the jejunal aa terminate to supply the jejunum
they form arcades and vasa recti to the jejunum
-
What vessles supply the fundus of the stomach?
short gastric arteries from splenic a
-
How are the ovarian arteries located?
lift up ovary and look for vessels in the mesoovarium
-
How are the testicular aa located in the abdomen
passing caudal to the kidney to vaginal ring
-
What vein carries the blood from the abdominal visera to the liver
portal vein, hepatic portal vein
-
What are the primary abdominal organs not drained by the portal vein
kidneys adrenal glands gonads and liver
-
Why arent the kidneys, adrenals and gonads drained by the portal vein?
Their hormones would be destroyed by the liver
-
Where does the left gonadal vein empty?
into the left renal v instead of crossing aorta to the vena cava
-
What lympathic vessels drains the lymph from the cisterna chyli that drains the caudal animal
thoracic duct
-
To which lymph node does the lymph drain to form the caudal and cranial mammae
ca = superficial inguinal , cr= axillary
-
What are the large lymph nodes beneath the termination of the aorta
medial iliac lymph nodes
-
what are the intestinal lympathic vessels that absorb fat
lacteals
-
What direction do the ventral branches of the spinal nerve travel
caudoventral direction
-
What supplies cutaneous inn to the top of the throacic and abdominal walls
both dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nn in the throacic and lumbar region
-
Where are the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division located?
near branches of the abdominal aorta
-
what gland is part of the sympathetic ans
adrenal glands (medulla)
-
What are standing lateral views using a horizontal bean direction through a standing animal used to detect
fluid in the bowel or abdomen
-
on what does peritoneal or serosal detail depend
serosal fat around the organs
-
What is the term for an abdomen with an overall gray appearance due to loss of serosal detail
ground glass appearance
-
What is the use of opaque media (positive contrast agents) or gas (negative contrast agents) to delineate portions of th GI tract called?
contrast studies
-
What must always precede all contrast studies?
Survey radiographs
-
Name one structure that normally is in the left caudal quadrant
descending colon
-
Which sides of the diaphragm can be seen in radiographs
- yes : cranial surface (lungs)
- no: caudal surface (water density against it)
-
Where are the parts of the stomach located in VD and lateral films?
- fundus VD: left, lat: dorsal
- -body : vd midline in dogs left in cats
- pylorus dv right in dogs midline in cats
- Lat: ventral
-
Where is air likely to be seen in the stomach in a radiograph taken in right lateral recumbency? left view?
- right: fundus (left side up, fundus is up)
- left : pylorus
-
Where would gas be expected in the stomach in a DV view and VD
- DV: fundic region (dorsal up)
- VD: pylorus
-
What is the normal stochas axis in the lateral projection?
Btw the lines vertical to spine and parallel to the ribs
-
What is the stomach axis used for clinical applications?
evaluate the size of the liver
-
What is the use of air and contrast material within an organ called
double contrast studies (applies to bladder also)
-
How would you precisely locate a radiopaque foreign body to the stomach?
take 2 radiographs at ninty degrees of eachother (lateral and VD)
-
Waht does full 360 gastric dilation and volvuls look like on a lat radiograph?
enlarged fas filled stomach with a fold dividing the stomach into dorsal and ventral compartments (fold in volvulus)
-
What is a large distended loop of sm intestine, named because they indicate trouble?
sentinel loop
-
what is the shape and location of the cecum in a VD
"C" corkscrew shape, right side level of L3 and seen only if air filled
-
Is the descending colon seen in VD and lateral survey films?
yes if filled with fecal material
-
What structures may be surmised to be enlarged in lat radiographs by ventral displacement of the descending colon
medial iliac lymph nodes
-
Linear foeign bodies in the small intestine such as a string will cause the bowel to _ on the string due to peristalsis
bunch up/ plicated or accordian pleating very apparent with contrast study
-
What should you do if you see a string hanging out either end of a cat or dog?
do not pull or it may saw through bunched up bowels (peritonitis) surgically remove
-
In normal adult dogs on a expiratory abdominal radiograph the liver usually doesnt extend past the last _
rib
-
How is the stomach axis positioned in a lateral film when there is an enlarged liver
exceeds angle parallel to ribs
-
Why is the cranial pole of the right kidney not visualized in a lateral radiograph
in renal impression of liver: same density
-
Where is the spleen seen in VD and lateral radiographs
- VD : triangular water density caudal to the stomach on the left
- RT Lat: triangle
-
What causes a focal loss of detail to the right cranial abdomen
pancreatitis
-
What part of the right kidney cannot be seen normally
cranial pole is embedded in the liver
-
Where is the left kidney in relatiobnship to the right kidney
1/2 kidney length caudal and slightly ventral
-
On what does visualization of the renal borders depend
amount of perirenal fat present
-
Are the ureters visible on survey radiographs
no
-
What structure of the renal pelvis shows up in contrast studies of the kidney that can give clues to problems
pelvic diverticula/ recesses
-
What are the four quadrants of the abdomen
-
What is the lateral part of the middle region of the abdomen
flank
-
Where are the inguinal regions
lateral abdominal area next to junction with thigh
-
What is the doral part of the flank region
paralumbar fossa
-
Where is the fundus of the stomach located
left cranial and dorsal abdomen
-
what structure are easy keys to visualizing the location of other abdominal structures
descending duodenum on the right side
-
how many mammae are generally present in the bitch? cat?
ten in dogs, 8 in cats and small dogs
-
what are extra mamary glands called?
supernumerary mammary glands
-
generally where do the mammary glands lymphatics drain
caudal: superficial inguinal ln; cranial to the axillary ln and also accessory axillary if present -sternal
-
list the abdominal muscles from superficial to deep
- external abbdominal oblique
- internal abdominal oblique
- transversus abdominis
- rectus abdominis (ventrally)
-
What is a flat thin tendon called?
aponeurosis
-
What is the caudal free edge of the aponeurosis of the EAO extending from the tuber coxae around the iliopsoas mm to the prepubic tendon
inguinal ligament
-
what is the rectus sheath
aponeuroses of the abdominal mm around the rectus abdominis m, meet and fuse at the linea alba
-
which rectus sheath is most clinically nb
external rectus sheath
-
what passes through the opening of the diaphragm
- Aortic- aorta azygous cisterna chyli, thoracic duct
- Esophageal- esophagus, ventral and dorsal vagus
- Caval foramen- caudal vena cava
-
What is the motor innervation of the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
-
how does the cavity of the bony throax relate to the throacic cavity
larger, dome of the diaphragm extends into bony thorax to 6th intercostal space (encases the abdomen)
-
what is the intrathroacic part of the abdominal cavity
cranial part, protected by caudal ribs and costal cartilages
-
what is a directional term for a part of further from and closer to the mouth
aborad and closer is orad
-
what are the two named curvatures of the stomach
greater and lesser
-
what is the muscular sphincter surrounding the stomach's outflow
pylorus
-
list the parts of the stomach
cardia fundus body pylorus (antrum, pylorus and opening)
-
what is the least vascular part of the stomach
body between the two curvatures
-
What side of the animal is the pylorus? fundus?
- right and ventral
- fundus is left and dorsal
-
which is more ventral the fundus or the pylorus of the stomach?
pylorus
-
What is a protrusion of an organ or tissue through the umbilicus?
umbilical hernia
-
What is a direct and indirect inguinal hernia?
- Direct: explodes directly though the wall
- Indirect: passes down inguinal canal (scotal herniation)
-
What is paracentesis?
puncture of the peritoneal cavity to remove fluid
-
Define a laparotomy or celiotomy incision?
an incision opeing the abdomen
-
What is done with a falciform ligament that obsures the view of the abdomen?
removed
-
What structures can be visualized through a xiphoid to pubic laparotomy incision without manipulation and their location?
- cranial : falciform ligament
- middle: greater omentum
- and plus or minus the tail of the spleen
- Caudal: bladder
-
Where is the spleen located when doing a laparotomy incision?
Left side or across midline. - tent wall when opening the abdomen
-
What is an incision into the abdomen just off the midline
paramedian incision
-
What is the most important layer that must be opposed when closing a paramedian midline incision?
External rectus sheath
-
What is an abdominal incision made in the paralumbar fossa
paralumbar incision, flank incision
-
What must be blocked to anesthetize the paralumbar fossa of the large animal flank?
both the dorsal and ventral branches must be blocked
-
What type of restraint is used for small animal flank surgery?
general anesthesia instead of local (easier )
-
What is a common sequela to peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum)
adhesions between sheets of peritoneum
-
Visualize what is seen through a long midline incision?
falciform ligament (cr), greater omentum and urinary bladder (ca) plus or minus the spleen
-
Must the peritoneum be apposed when closing the ventral midline incision?
no best to leave it alone
-
Why must including the falciform ligament or its fat in the closure of the abdomen be avoided?
May delay healing and contribute to wound dehiscence
-
Define wound dihiscence
splitting open (seperation of layers) of a surgical incision
-
What is the most important structure to close in a midline incision?
linea alba
-
What is a common cause of diaphragmatic hernias?
Tramas (car is number 1, fights, kicks, falls )
-
How is a diaphragmatic hernia reached surgically?
from abdominal side
-
When opening the abdomen of a dog with a diaphragmatic hernia what must you be prepared to do?
breath for dog as when the abdomen opened there will be a pneumothorax
-
Is the peritoneum opposed when closing the abdomen?
no less trama
-
What is wound dehiscence
separation of layers of a surgical wound
-
What is paracentesis? abdominocentesis/abdominal puncture?
surgical puncture of a cavity for aspiration of fluid; puncture of abdomen
-
What is a common sequela to inflammation of the peritoneum
adhesions between sheets of peritoneum
-
Where is a gastromy performed in the stomach?
Through body between 2 curvatures (less blood)
-
What emergency twisting of the stomach occurs in large and giant breed dogs with deep chests and rarely occurs in small dogs
gastric dilation/ vulvulus complex, bloat
-
What common problem results in projectile vomiting?
pyloric stenosis/ obstruction
-
Where is the descending duodenem?
right side
-
What is intussusception?
telescoping of a segment of the intestine into the lumen of an adjacent segment
-
What is an incision into the intestines
enterotomy
-
What structure identifies and locates the rest of the large and small intestines during an exploratory surgery?
cecum
-
What is inflammation of the cecum?
typhilitis
-
What is the surgical removal of the cecum?
typhlectomy
-
How are the "abdominal gutters" paravertebral gutters visualized?
pull the duodenum and mesoduodenum or colon and mesocolon medially packing off the rest of the viscera
-
How are plugged anal sacs treated?
manually evacuation (gloved hand holds 4 by 4 gauze pushed forward cranially to the sacs squeeze in and pull caudally evacuating sac or gloved finger in anus with thumb lateral and deep to a sac squeeze and withdraw)
-
What must be avoided when surgically removing the anal sacs?
External anal sphincter and caudal rectal nn
-
What are pathological tracts between rectum and skin surrounding the anus?
rectocutaneous fistulas
-
What is eversion of the inner rectum through the anus
rectal prolapse
-
What is the removal of part of the liver
partial hepatectomy
-
How is a liver biopsy taken in a dog?
laparotomy caudal to the xiphoid process finger hold the liver in place, biopsy needle through a separate stab incision
-
What is inflammation of the gall bladder?
cholecysitis
-
How is the right limb of the pancreas exposed during exploratory surgery?
retract duodenum ventromedially
-
How is the left lobe of the pancreas exposed surgically?
retract stomach and spleen cranially and transvere colon caudally
-
What is the removal of the spleen?
splenectomy
-
How are the vessels ligated during a splenectomy and why?
close to the hilus preserve short gastric and left gastroepiploic supply to the stomach
-
What arteries to the stomach come off the splenic artery?
short gastrics and left gastroepiploic aa
-
How would you locate the adrenal gland during surgery?
phrenicoabdominal v crosses it ventrally
-
How do you visualize the kidneys during a laparotomy?
Pull the descending colon and its mesocolon or the descending duodenum and its mesoduodenem medially and look in the abdominal gutter, for left and right kidneys respectively
-
What is inflammation of the kidneys
nephritis
-
What structure of the renal pelvis shows up in contrast studies of the kidney that can give clues to problems?
pelvic recesses
-
What is the removal of a kidney? What should be checked first?
Nephrectomy; check for another kidney
-
What is an incision into a kidney?
nephrotomy
-
What is inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis
pyelonephritis
-
What is patent urachus
persistent urachus from the baladder to umbilicus
-
What is a clincial sign of patent urachus
dribbling of urine from the umbilicus
-
What is an abdomal concretion in any part of the urinary system?
urinary calculi
-
What is FUS in tom cats?
urinary tract disease characterized by dysuria and hematuria with or without obstruction
-
What is the common site of urethral obstruction in the tomcat?
penile urethra
-
What is the creation of a permanent opeing for the urethra in the perineum, a common treatment for FUS
urethrostomy
-
What abnormal termination of a ureter some place besides the urinary bladder?
ectopic ureter
-
How is an ectopic ureter corrected?
surgically reimplant ureter obliquely through the badder wall
-
What is tapping the urinary bladder with a needle to remove urine?
cystocentesis
-
What is the # 1 iatrogenic ureteral injury occurring during a spay?
ligature or clamp mistakenly applied to ureter
-
What vessels have to be considered when opening the abdomen?
cranial and caudal superficial epigastric vessels
-
Where would you make an incision to open the stomach and why?
between the curvatures, less vessels
-
What artery is surgically important in operations of the cecum?
large cecal aa hidden on the dorsal surface
-
What must not be ligated when removing the spleen?
short gastric and left gastroepiploic aa or artery supplying them?
-
How are vessels ligated during a splenectomy and why?
Close to hilus preserve short gastric and left gastroepiploic supply to the stomach
-
Where is the largest aa (cecal) of the cecum located?
hidden on the dorsal side of the cecum
-
How is the intestine cut when doing a resection and anastomoses?
angle cut towards lesion (antimesenteric >mesenteric side of removed piece)
-
What arteries should surgeons watch for when doing nephrectomies?
renal aa ; usually singular but double or triple are possible
-
What vascualar incidence can cause paralysis of the rear limb of cats?
saddle thrombus in caudal aorta, blocking external iliac aa
-
What is the landmark for finding the adrenal glands?
phrenicoabdominal v over ventral surface
-
What is a portosystemic shunt
splanchnic (visceral)circulation by pass normal hepatic system and empties into systemic veins
-
What is the removal of one or more mammary glands?
mastectomy
-
When wouldnt a mastectomy be performed on a mammary tumor?
if distal lung metastasis present already
-
What is a metastasis
transfer of disease from 1 part of the body to another
-
-ectomy
removal of organ or part by surgery (ie hysterectomy)
-
-ostomy
surgically creating an artificial opening, between 2 hallow organs or btw a hollow organ and abdominal wall (trachostomy/trachotomy)
-
-
-plexy
fixation (pyloroplexy)
-
-plasty
plasty- shaping or surgical formation of (rhinoplasty)
-
How are the abdominal gutters exposed
pull descending duodenem and mesoduodenum or colon and mesocolon medially
-
What is the ileus
obstruction of the intestines
-
Can the liver be palpable in a normal dog?
no
-
How is the descending colon palpated? When is this easiest?
On the left side, when constipated
-
Can the kidneys be palpated in the dog?
in some dogs, right is more difficult
-
How easy can the cats kidneys be palaped through the abdominal wall?
usually left pendulous enough to palpate, right may also be palpated
-
Is the urinary bladder palpable in the dog? cat?
readily
-
When can and cant the uterus be palpated?
- cant/rarely: non pregnant bitch
- pregnant- vesicle palpable ranging (marble to egg) at 25-35 days then horns uniformly enlarged: nonpalpable
-
How is the superficial inguinal lymph node palpated?
subcutaneously just craniomedial to the thigh
-
How are plugged anal sacs treated?
manually evacuation (gloved hand hold 4 by 4 gauze pushed forward cranial to the sacs, squeeze in and pull cuadally evacuating sac or gloved finger in anus, thumb lateral and deep to the sac, squeeze and withdraw)
-
List 7 of the nine regions of the abdomen?
xiphoid, rt and lt hypogastric are other rt and lt flank, umbilical rt and left inguinal, pubic
-
What is the region of the abdomen just caudal to xiphoid cartilage?
xiphoid region
-
What is the region of the abdomen just caudal to the xiphoid cartilage?
xiphoid region
-
What is the fold of the flank?
fold of skin from thigh to abdominal wall
-
What are the three midline regions from crainal to caudal?
xiphoid, umbilicus, prepubic
-
List the main structures found in the left crainal quadrant?
diaphragm, left liver lobes, fundus and body of the stomach, cranial pole of the left kidney, spleen and left limb of pancreas
-
List structures crossing the midline between the left and right cranial quadrants?
body of stomach, transverse colon, left limb of pancreas, liver and diaphragm
-
What main structures are located in the right cranial quadrant
diaphragm epiploic foramen, caudal lobe of liver , right lobe and body of pancrease, pylorus and plyloric antrum, descending duodenem, right adreanl, cranial lobe of the right kidney
-
What major structures are located in the right caudal quadrants?
descending duodenem, cecum, uterine horn, ovary, caudal pole of the right kidney, right ductus deferens, right vaginal ring, right ureter
-
LIst the structures that cross the midline between left and right caudal quadrants?
uterine body, urinary bladder, prostate -if enlarged, terminal branches of the aorta, caudal flexure of duodenum; ileum
-
What main structures are found int he left caudal quadrant
descending colon, left ureter, caudal mesenteric aa, mesocolon, left uterine horn and ovary, left ductus deferens, left vaginal ring, left ureter
-
What are the names of the mammae in the bitch
cranial and caudal thoracic, cranial and caudal abdominal and inguinal
-
How do the mammae generally appear in the male
rudimentary throughout life
-
What spaces store milk in the mammary gland
- lactiferous (milk) sinus (cistern) = glands
- sinus and teat sinus
-
What passage leads from the teat sinus to the outside?
teat canal or papillary duct
-
What are the openings on the nipple or papilla? number in dog?
teat orifices, many per nipple
-
What main vessels supply the mammary glands
cranial and caudal superficial epigastric and lateral throacic aa and veins
-
List the abdominal mm from superficial to deep
EAO, IAO, TA, RA
-
What is a flat think tendon called?
aponeurosis
-
What is the caudal free edge of the aponeurosis of the EAO extending from the tuber coxae around the iliopsoas muscle to the prepubic tendon?
inguinal canal
-
What is the rectus sheath?
aponeurosis of the abdominal mm around the rectus abdominis mm, meet and fuse at the linea alba
-
which rectus sheath is most clinically important
external rectus sheath
-
What is the musculoteninous partitition between the thorax and abdomen
diaphragm (cranial boundary of the abdomen)
-
What are the parts of the diaphragm
outer : muscular part, inner-dorsal: crura and tendinous center
-
List the openings through the diaphragm
aortic, esophageal hiatuses, caval foramen
-
Name the two sublumbar muscles
psoas minor and major and quadratus lumborum
-
What is the principal mm of inspiration
the diaphragm
-
What are the cranial and caudal boundaries of the abdominal cavity
- cranially- the diaphragm
- caudally - the pelvic inlet
-
What is a directional term for a part frther from the mouth?
aborad
-
What is the direction term for a part closer to the mouth
orad
-
Can an arad part be further caudally than an aborad part
yes, example: cecum to transverse colon
-
List the parts of the abdominal tubular GI tract from orad to aborad
abdominal esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, anus
-
What peritoneum connect the stomach and duodenum to the liver
lesser omentum (hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments)
-
What are the attachements of the greater omentum
greater curvature and dorsal abdominal wall
-
Name the longitudinal folds of the stomach mucosa
gastric rugae or folds
-
Where is the stomach located
cranially behind the liver and depending on how full can extend half way between the xiphoid and the pubis
-
Name the three divisions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
-
What opens into the descending duodenum
Common bile duct, pancreatic ducts and stomach
-
Which part of the small intestine has the longest mesentery
jejunum to give it great range of motion
-
What connecting peritonums suspends the duodenum
mesoduodenum and duodenocolic ligaments
-
List the parts of the large intestine
cecum colon rectum and anal canal
-
What does the ileocecal fold connect
ileum and cecum
-
Name the three parts of the colon
ascending transverse and descending
-
Upon what does the anal continence depend on
internal and external anal sphincters
-
what is the end and terminal opening of the GI tract
anal canal and anus
-
what are the reservoirs for secretions opening into the carnivore's anus
anal sacs (paranal sinuses)
-
Where are the anal sacs in relationship to the anal sphincters
between the internal and external anal sphincters
-
What is the largest gland in the body
liver
-
what is the functional imput and exit of the liver
porta
-
name the four lobes of the liver
right (medial and lateral) left (medial and lateral) quadrate, caudate (caudate and papillary processes)
-
What is the vesige of the fetal umilical vein in the adult
round ligament of the liver in the free edge of the falciform ligament
-
what ligament of the liver originates from the coronary ligament and extends to the sternal part of the diaphragm
falciform ligament
-
Name the 4 ligaments attaching the liver to the diaphragm
coronary, right and left triangular and falciform
-
What structures stores and concentrates bile
gall bladder
-
What carries bile to and from the gall bladder
cystic duct
-
What vessel carries nutrient rich blood from the stomach intestines pancreas and spleen to the liver. What vessel carries oxygen to the liver
- portal (hepatic portal) vein
- hepatic artery
-
What is the structural unit of the liver?
lobule
-
The _ cells are arranged radially around the liver sinusoids
hepatic
-
What spaces bathe the hepatic cells
liver sinusoids
-
What small tubules collecting bile from the hepatic cells
bile canaliculi
-
Compare the direction of low in the liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi
in opposite directions: blood towards caudal vena cava, bile towards porta
-
What do the liver sinusoids form that join to form the hepatic vein
central veins
-
What funtional part of the pancreas does the pancreatic ducts drain
exocrine part
-
Where is the endocrine function of the pancreas carried out
islet cells of the pancreas
-
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas
pancreatic enzymes aid in digestion
-
What do the pancreatic ducts carry to the duodenum
pancreatic enzymes
-
With what two abdominal organs is the spleen closely associated with
stomach and the greater omentum
-
Of what does the serosa consist
- layer of the mesothelium (simple squamous)
- and connective tissue backing
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what is mesothelium
epithelium of all the serous membranes
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what is the purpose of a serous membrane
secrete fluid and decrease friction between the organs
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What serous membrane covers the walls of a cavity
parietal
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What is the connective tissue around an organ that is not on a body cavity called? What is it called if it is in a body cavity
adventitia , serosa
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What do clinicians usually call the visceral serosa of an organ
just serosa
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What serosa lines the abdomen and covers the organs
peritoneum (epiploon)
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what does a fold of peritoneum connect
2 visveral layers of peritoneum
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what is in the peritoneal cavity
scant amount of fluid and no organs
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name two subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity
ovarian bursa and omental bursa
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is the peritoneal cavity open to the outside of the animal
yes in female (uterine tube) no in male
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what is a diverticulum of the peritoneal cavity
vaginal cavity
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how are the pouches of the peritoneal cavity formed
caudal reflections of peritoneum between organs of the pelvis
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list the three pouches of the peritoneum
caudal reflections of peritoneum between organs of the pelvis
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list the three pouches of the peritoneum
rectogenital, vesicogenital, pubovesical
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what is between the two leaves of the greater omentum
omental bursa
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what does the lesser omentum connect
liver to the lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum
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Give the location of the epiploic forament into the omental bursa
ventromedial to caudate lobe or the liver between caudal vena cava and portal vein (and hepatic aa)
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Why is the omentum called the "policeman of the abdomen"
helps wall off infection
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What are located in the free edges of the lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder
round ligament of bladder or umbilical aa
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What is in the fee edge of the middle ligament of the bladder
urachus or remnant of the urachus
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What connects the spleen and the stomach
gastrosplenic ligament (part of greater omentum)
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what is the serosa is seen in the cranial end of a vetnral midline incision
falciform ligament
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what is a mesentery
connecting peritoneum between organs visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum
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what peritoneum suspends the duodenum
mesoduodenum
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what is the functions of mesenteries
suspend organs and path for vessels and nerves to organ
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connecting peritoneum for :
ileum
rectum
colon
jejunum
- meso ileum
- mesorectum
- mesocolon
- mesojejunum or great mesentery
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Name the four unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta
celiac and cranial and caudal mesenteric and median sacral aa
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what structures does the celiac aa supply
cranial abdominal organs (stomach liver spleen and part of the duodenum)
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What main arteries send branches to the pancreas?
Branches of celiac and cranial mesenteric aa (cranial and caudal pancreatioduodenal aa)
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What is the blood supply to the intestines
cranial and caudal mesenteric aa
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what are the nuerous vessels to the jejunum
jejunal aa from cranial mesenteric aa
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how does the splenic aa enter the spleen
all along its long hilus
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what is the blood supply of the pancreas
cranial ( from celiac) and caudal ( from cranial mesenteric) pancreaticoduodenal a and pancreatic branches ( from splenic)
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What arteris to the stomach come off the splenic aa
short gastric and left gastroepiploic aa
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What evein returns blood to the heart from the abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limb
caudal vena cava
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how is the caudal vena cava formed
external and internal iliac vv unite = 2 common iliac vv which unite = caudal vena cava
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To where does the lymph fromt he pelvic limbs, pelvis and abdomen drain?
cisterna chyli
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What lymphatic ducts drain the abdominal viscera of the lymph
visceral lymphatic trunks
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What forms the cisterna chyli
lumbar and visceral lymphatic trunks
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Where does the lymph drain to from the 4/5 and sometimes 3 caudal mammae
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
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Where do the cranial three pairs of mammary glands mainly drain
axillary lymph nodes
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What is/are the lymph nodes in the root of the mesentary
jejunal lymph nodes
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What do the medial iliac lymph nodes drain? and to where do they drain
- dorsal abdomen , pelvic and pelvic limb
- drain to the lumbar trunks
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Where does the lymph from the mammary gland drain?
- cranial and caudal thoracic- accessory axillary if present, axillary plus or minus the sternal node
- cranial abdominal - either to axillary or superficial inguinal
- caudal abdominal and inguinal - superfical inguinal
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To wehre do the superficial inguinal lypmph nodes drain
medial iliac lymph nodes
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WHat are the diffuse lyphatic tissues in the mucosa of the intestines
peyer's patches
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What nerves supply the abdominal wall
thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
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what lumbar nerve passes through the inguinal canal to supply the external genitalia
genitofemoral n
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what is the sympathietic innervation to the abdomen? parasympathetic?
sympathetic trunk, splanchnic nn, collateral ganglion and plexuses
vagus: through transverse colon, pelvic n- descending colon
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What types of ganglion does the sympathetic divsion have?
parasympathetic?
verterbral (chain) and collateral (near vessels)
terminal ganglia in wall of organ innervated
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Where are the splanchnic nerves?
connect the sympathetic trunk with collateral ganglia around the branches of the abdominal aorta
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What is the network of fibers around the collateral ganglia
autonomic plexus
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What results from sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal glands
norE dumped into bloodstream = massive sympathetic response
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Sympathetic fibers reach the pelvic cavity by which nerve
hypogastric n from caudal mesenteric ganglion
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Summarize autonomic effects on the GI tract
- parasympathetic : digests and stores food, eliminates waste;
- sympathetic - shuts down above to deal wth stressful situations
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If sympathetic firing generally causes contraction of sphincters of the urinary and GI tract why may an animal eliminate itself when extremely frightened?
generalized nervous system stimulation overrides sphincters
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Why does an animal eliminate itself when dead
no sympathetic stimulation to sphincter to keep closed
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Where are the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division located
near branches of the abdominal aorta
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What gland is part of the sympathetic ANS
adrenal gland (medulla)
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What is the spacial relationship of the two kidneys
right a half a kindey length cranial to the left
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What is an easy way to remember which kidney is more cranially
right fits into the renal impression of the liver
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What makes up the parenchyma of the kidneys
outer cortex and inner medulla
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what is located in the cortex of the kidneys
glomeruli, proximal and distal convoluted tubules
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What is located in the medulla of the kidneys
collecting ducts and thin segments ( loops of henle)
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What is the indentation of the kidneys where the vessels enter
renal hilus
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what tube carries urine from the kindeys to the urinary bladder?
ureter
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What is the longitudinal ridge projecting into the renal pelvis
renal crest
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What are the parts of the urinary bladder
neck body and apex
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what are 3 connecting peritoneums attach to the urinary bladder
median/middle and 2 lateral ligaments of the bladder
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what paired glands are located granial to the kidneys
adrenal glands
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To what system do the adrenal glands belong to
sympathetic ANS and endocrine
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What do the adrenal glands do during great stress
dump EPI into blood stream
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What is the connective tissue outer structure of the kidneys
renal capusle, fibrous
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What variation in number of renal aa are seen in dogs
multiple left renal aa seen in 13% most have a single right renal aa
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How are the Kidneys positioned in relationship to the peritoneum
retroperitoneal, peritoneum only on ventral surface, no connecting peritoneum
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What is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney
nephron
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What non-nephrotic structure carries urine from the nephron to the renal pelvis
collecting ducts
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what is the tuft of arterial capillaries associated with the glomerular capsule
glomerulaus
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what is the double walled, cup shaped expanded proximal end to the renal tubule surroundign the glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman's ) capsule
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List the part of the tubular part of the nephron
proximal convoluted tubule, thin segments ( loop of henle) distal convoluted tubule
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where do the collecting ducts open
papillary ducts on the renal crest
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what is the structure unit of the kidneys
renal pyramid/ renal lobe
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What are the standard views of the abdomen?
Lateral and VD/DV views
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Which lateral view is preferred and why?
right lateral over the left to avoid confusing gas in the fundus
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Is the VD or the DV abdominal view more commonly taken?
VD usually
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How should you take a lateral radiograph of the abdomen to eliminate an additional variable?
right or left lateral consistently
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How is abdominal film centered and what should be included?
center the umbilicus, include entire abdomen (pelvic inlet to diaphragm)
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What term describes how well the abdomen structures are seen radiographically?
Peritoneal detail
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Why does fat contrast water fluid or soft tissue opacities?
radiograhpically less radiopaque than fluid/ soft tissue
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When do you get loss of serosal detail?
fat absent or sluid or inflammation is present
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What is hydroabdomen or ascites and what are a few of its causes?
fulid in the abdomen due to hypoproteinemia, liver failure, heart failure, renal failure, portal hypertension, etc
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How can the structures in a "ground glass" abdomen be visualized?
Ultrasound
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What is the term for small areas where serosal detail is poor while the rest of the abdomen has good detail.
focal loss of peritoneal detail
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How is gas useful when reading abdominal films?
within the organs allows differentiation of the inside of the organs and helps to identify them (eg. stomach)
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List the radiographic boundaries of the abdomen?
- diaphragm: cranial, pelvic inlet: caudal
- spinal column: dorsal, abdominal muscles: lateral and ventral (rectus abdominis m ventral)
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Name five structures normally located in the right cranial quadrant.
Pylorus, body of the pancreas, duodenum, right lobes of the liver, gallbaldder, ascending and transvere colon
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List two structures normally found in the left cranial quadrant?
fundus of stomach, spleen transvere and descending colon
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Name two structures normally located in the right caudal quadrant?
cecum and small intestines
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List two negative contrast agents and two positive contrast agents?
- negative: co2 or air
- positive: barium and iodine media
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How should abdominal films be evaluated?
systematic and same way everytime
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Describe framing the abdomen when reading films?
diaphragm, spine, musculature of sublumbar soft tissue, part of the pelvis on the film, ventral body wall, falciform fat area, and caudal thorax
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List organ check list for viewing abdominal films
liver, spleen, stomach, loops of small bowels, cecum, colon, kidneys, retroperitoneal space, urinary bladder, areas of organs not normally seen (genital system, ureters, medial iliac lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph node, prostate)
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Why should you look at the location of organs noramlly not seen on abdominal radiographs?
is seen, something is amiss
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What can displacement of mobile structures (small and large intestines) tell you in abdominal radiographs
displaced organ may be normal with an invisible, abnormal structure displacing it (indirect evidence)
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What do adjacent organ enlargements do to the cecum and colon?
readily displace them
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Why should you know the position of organs normally not seen on radiographs
so you can look for and notice visible abnormalities because of them
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Why is the position of organs in relationship to each other important
beacuase invisible structures can displace visible ones when enlarged or displaced
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Where is the liver seen in radiographs?
between stomach and diaphragm
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how is the stomach visualized in radiographs
seen if air is in part of it
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List organs that are not normally seen in survey radiographs.
duodenum, ascending colon, adrenal glands, ureters
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When is the cecum seen in survey films?
if gas in it; on the right side
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Where is the transverse colon in VD and lat. films
VD: crosses midline from right to left, lat: end on caudal to stomach if gas or feces
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Where is the rectum seen in radiographs
continuation of colon in pelvis (often fecal filled)
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What is the water density in the caudoventral abdomen?
urinary bladder
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What are two types of gastric foreign bodies from a radiographic standpoint
radiopaque or radioluscent
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How is a radiolucent cloth foreign body visualized radiographically?
retains barium after stomach is empty
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What do radiolucent gastric foreign bodies appear in barium studies?
radiolucent filling defect in barium
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Where is the pylorus located in the abdomen
ventral right (dog), midline (cat)
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Where would gas be expected in the stomach in a DV view?
fundic region (dorsal up)
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Where would gas be expected in the stomach in VD view?
pyloric region (ventral up) and sometimes fundus
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What is the normal position of an unfilled stomach
within the rib cage
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What is the definition of the axis of the stomach
line through the fundus, body and pylorus
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What is the stomach axis in a VD or DV view?
perpendicular to spine
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Can the different parts of the small intestine be differentiated radiographically?
not in a survey film, maybe after contrast studies
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Where is the descending duodenum located?
right cranial and caudal abdomen
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Following the small bowel is overpowering but try to trace out individual loops so any _ loops are not overlooked.
sentinel/abnormal, distended (indicates problems)
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What are the normal, smooth, crater-shaped structures on the antimesenteric side of the descending duodenem lumen?
pseudoulcers
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Can the normal colon be identified on survey radiographs? why?
usually, presence of fecal matter and gas
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What appearance does the colon have in a lateral view?
flattened question mark, lying on its side
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Is the cats cecum visible on survey films
no
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What is seen proximal to an intestinal obstruction? what distally?
orad: gas, fluid distention (ileus) ; aborad: empty
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The relatively mobile colon's abnormal placement can be a
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The relatively mobile colon's abnormal placement can be a _ to what is happening around it.
clue sometimes
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Which abdominal lymph node may be surmised to be enlarged in a lateral radiograph by ventral displacement of the descending colon?
medial iliac lymph nodes
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How does an intussusception appear in a barium swallow contrast film?
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