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August Comte
- proposed positivism
- coined term sociology
- founder of sociology
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Herbert Spencer
- social darwinism
- lower and higher forms of society
- survival of the fittest
society shouldnt be changed- it will evolutionize
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Karl Marx
class conflict between capitalist class and working class- bourgeoise and proletariat
society should be changed
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Emile Durkheim
sociology recognized as a separate discipline
- social integration- degree in which ppl are tied to their social group
- compared suicide rates between groups
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Max Weber
Religion and the origin of capitalism
religion is central force in social change
protestant ethic- self denying approach to life
spirit of capitalism- readiness to invest capital in order to make more money
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goals of science
- explain why something happens
- make generalizations and make statements
- predict what will happen in the future
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symbolic interactionism
- MICRO
- how people use symbols in everyday life
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functionalist perspective
MACRO
society is a whole unit made up of parts that work together
functionalism or structural functionalism
Robert Merton
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conflict theory
- MACRO
- society is composed of groups who are competing for scarce resources
- Karl Marx -founder of conflict theory
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origins of sociology
- tradition (superstition, myth, stars) vs.
- science
- sociology emerged mid 1800
- industrial revolution- moving from farms to city
- imperialism
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public sociology
- sociology used for the public good
- have politicians and policy makers use sociology to decide social policy
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pure sociology
analyzing an aspect of society and publishing their findings
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applied sociology
using sociology to solve problems
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Albion Small
- founded the dept of sociology at the univ of chicago
- launched the American Journal of Sociology
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George Herbert Mead
developed symbolic interactionist perspective
taught at the univ of chicago
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Talcot Parsons
parts of society working together harmoniously
no social reform
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C. Wright Mills
theoretical abstractions in favor of social reform
the elite had power which was threat to freedon
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W.E.B Dubois
- First harvard phd for african american
- neglected by sociologists
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Jane Adams
- member of Am Sociological Socity
- co founded Hull house
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culture
language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, material objects passed on
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ethnocentrism
tendancy to use our own culture to judge other cultures
- positive: group loyalties
- neg: discrimination
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cultural relativism
try to understand a culture on its own terms
ex: bull fighting
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gestures
movements to convey messages without words
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language
provides social past and future
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Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf
- studied Hopi indians,
- language both shapes and relfects our cultural experiences
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values
ideas of what is desirable in life
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norms
expectations, rules of behavior
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positive sanction
approval for following a norm
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negative sanction
disapproval for not following a norm
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folkways
- norms not strictly enforced
- washing hands
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mores
essential to core values, more than a norm
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taboo
a norm strongly engrained if its broken its a taboo
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pleuralistic society
made up of many different groups
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cultural lag
being behind technology
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cultural diffusion
spread of material and nonmaterial traits from one culture to another
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cultural leveling
other cultures wanting to be like western cultures
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charles horton cooley
looking glass
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herbert mead
- play
- 3 steps, imitation, play, team games
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significant others
parents sibling
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generalized other
how people in general think of us
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sensorimotor
- birth to age 2
- direct contact with our senses
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preoperational stage
- using symbols
- knowing to count to 10 but not understanding what numbers mean
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concrete operational stage
know causation and size and speed but limited to concrete thoughts
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formal operational stage
abstract thinking
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kolhberg
- amoral stage
- preconventional stage- follow rules
- conventional stage- morality
- postconventional-judge others on right and wrong
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