Research Methods

manipulated to cause changes

measured to determine effects

held constant

unsound and untrue

makes a statement about a presumed or theoretical relation between 2 or more variables

the conflict effect shown in the demostration esperiment

preliminary research

• the tendancy to attribute human charactristics (esp. thoughts and feelings) to animals.
• Example "the dog loved and respected his master". "The rat was hungry so it ate a lot."

• following a protocol for uniform treatment
• using a double blind study
• being alert for a placebo effect and anthropomorphizing

people working less hard when in groups

When people are working alone they think that they are responsible for completing the task. When they work in groups this feeling of responisibility diffuses to others.

experience

• an extention of the authority method
• Propositions that seem reasonable are believed.

• authority
• tenacity
• a priori
• scientific (empirical)

organization of concepts that permit the prediction of of data

empirical observations

reasoning proceeds from particular data to a general theory

reasoning proceeds from a general theory toparticular data

According to this view, the temporary nature of induction makes nagtive evidence more important than positive support

Eliminating possible alternative explanations

Abstract concepts that link independent variables to dependent variables

Gravity is a familiar construct that accomplishes this goal

• parsimonious
• precise
• testable

• aims at solving a specific problem
• Example: how to cure bedwetting

• has noimmediate practical goal.
• establishes a reservoir of data, theoretical explanations, and cocepts that can be tapped by the applied researcher

• commonly seen in racial bigots who cling to their stereotypes even in the precense of a good counterexample.
• Method of maintaining a belief

a short paragraph that summarizes the key points of an article

specifies the problem to be studies and tells why it is important

• tells what happened
• descriptive statistics are presented that summarize the data

• most creative section
• author restates what the data show
• draws theoretical conclusions

the finding of improved spatial-temporal abilities after listening to classical music by Mozart

ennumerate what behaviors occur and in what quantity and frequency

the study of naturally occuring behavior (often in the wild)

measures whether 2 or more observers yeild similar results when they simultaneously obseve the same behavior.

measured by a coefficient correlation

ethograms and by delimiting observation categories

a type of case study that best attempts to minimize the difficulties of making inferences.