A&P Sept 16th

everything between nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane

specialized cellular compartments, each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell

thread like membranous organelles

neurons are rich in this

metabolites that are broken down and oxidized, some of the energy released is captured and used to attach phophate groupds to ADP moecules to form ATP this is called

C6 H12 O2 + O2 -> CO2+ H2O + E is a formula of

ATP stands for

mitochondria contains its own DNA True or False
True False

70S is Found in --
80S is Found in---

If
you want to make some hemoglobin to carry oxygen in your blood, the proper
sequence for protein synthesis in our cells is

site of protein synthesis

have the ability to switch back and forth between two functions, attching to and detaching from the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum according to the types of proteins they are making at a given time

only found in the mitochondria

Network within the cytoplasm

this process forms on the ---- :

-
Proteins assembled on these ribosomes threat
their way into the fluid filled interior of the ER cisternae, where various
fates await them, also called maturation where they take “Proper shape”.

protein synthesis --> maturation --> transport happens in what organelle

Enzymes needed to catalyze lipid synthesis have their active sites on the external face of the ---

its enzymes play no role in protein synthesis, instead they catalyze reactions

consists of stacked and flattened membranous sac, shaped like hollow dinner plates.

traffic director for cellular proteins

Major functions of this organelles
-modify
-concentration
- package proteins, and lipids made at the rough ER

In the golgi apparatus this happens: some sugar groups are trimmed while others are added and in some cases phosphate groups are added. this is called

this happens in what organelle: various proteins are tagged for delievery to a specific address, sorted and packaged in at least three types of vesicles that bud from the shipping side of the ----

this happens in what organelle: secretory vesicles pinch off from the transface "shipping surface" which migrates to the plasma membrane and discharge their conent from the cell by exocytosis

produces lysosomes

contain activated digestive enzymes

large and abundant within phagocytes, the cells that dispose of invading bacteria and cell debris

means chopping things into smaller pieces

lysosomes work best in acid conditions and so are called

contains H+ (proton) pumps which are ATPases that gather hydrogen ions from the surrounding cytosol to maintain the organelles acid pH.

retains the dangerous acid hydrolases while permitting the final products of digestion to escape so that they can be used by the cell or excreted.

these functions occur in what organelle:
digesting particles taken in by endocytosis
degrading worn-out or nonfunctioning organelles
performing metabolic functions
breaking down nonuseful tissues
breaking down bones to release calcium

polysaccharides which could contain amylase that can break down the --- into monosaccharides

an enzyme found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars

lipids-triglycerides, can contain --- that can break down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol or other alcohols

protein- amino acids are in a long chain, using --- can help break them down into smaller pieces

an enzymes that breaks down proteins

a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain

nucleic acids- DNA and RNA have long polymers (ATGU) when exposed into --- can be turned into nucleotides.

an enzymes that cleaves the chains of nucleotides in nucleic acids into small units

hihgly powerful enzymes, oxidase and catalase

significant amount of fatty acid oxidation also occurs in --- hence playing a role in energy metabolism

uses molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful substance

most important function of --- is to neutralize dangerous free radicals which are higly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scamble the structure of biological molecules

converts free radicals to hydrogen peroxide which is reactive and dangerous but it converted to water by catalase enzymes

elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol, acts as a cells bones, muslces, and ligaments, by supporting the cellular structures and providing the machinery to generate various cell movements

three types of rods

thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton are strands of a protein "Actin"

fairly dense cross-linked network of microfilaments called the terminal web

terminal web is attach to the cytoplasmic side, it strengthens the cell surface and resists compression

actin filaments interact with another protein unconventional myosin to generate contractile forces in a cell, this also forms the cleavage furrow that pinches on ecell into two during cell divison

helps in endocytosis, and exocytosis except in muscle cells

constructed like woven ropes, most stable and permanent of the cytoskeletal elements and have high tensile strength

tough insoluble protein fibers

do not bind to ATP or serve as track for molecular motors to transport intercellular substances

they attach to desmosomes and their main job is to act as inter guid-wires to resist pulling forces exerted on the cell

element with the largest diameter, are hollow tubes made of spherical subunits called tubulins

radiate from a small region of cytoplasm near the nucleus called the centrosome

grow out, disassemble, reassemble repeatedly

stiff but bendable microtubules determine the overal shape of the cell as well as the distribution of cellular organelles

mitochondira, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles attach to the microtubules and continually move alone them with the use of tiny proteins called motor proteins or motor moelcules

microtubules are anchored at one end in the region near the nucleus called the --- or cell center

form the bases of cilia and flagella

whip like, motile cellular extensions that occur in large number on the exposed surface of certain cells

when projections formed by the centrioles are longer than cilia they are called

9+2 pattern describes

--- doublet or pairs of microtubules encircling -- central pair