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all muscle cells are called
Muscle fiber
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the three types of mucsle are
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muscles that move bones and are under concious control are called
skeletal muscles
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muscles that cannot be conciously controlled are called
smooth muscles
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the connective tissue around each muscle fiber is the
endomysium
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the layer around each fascicle is the
perimysium
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the layer around the whole muscle is the
epimysium
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connects to a bone
tendon
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a tendon is a lot like a ___ which is a broad sheet of connective tissue
ligaments
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all types of muscles tissue produce movement; skeletal muscle also maintains ___ and stabilizes___
posture and stabilizes joints
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the plasma membrane of muscle cells is called the
sarcolemma
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this with alternating A and I bands, make the cells look striated
sarcomere
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the contractile units are called
sarcomere
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the threadlike proteins that cause contration are the thick or ____ and the thin or _____
myosin filaments ; actin filaments
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this is epecialized endoplasmic reticulum
sarcoplasmic reticulum
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sarcoplasmic reticulum is to store and release _____ to trigger contraction
calcium
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one neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates makes up one
motor unit
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the position on the muscle cell where the nerve fiber connects is called the
neuromuscular junction
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the gap between the nerve ending and the muscle cell is the
synaptic cleft
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when the nerve impulse reaches the nerve ending, what chemical is released
acetylcholine ( ACH )
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ACH chemical binds to the muscle cell membrane causing a temporary rush of ____ into the muscle cell
calcium
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the electrical current generated along the muscle cell's membrane is called an ___ and is the signal to trigger contration
action potential
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a single contration is called a
twitch
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this accurred when contration is prolonged, fused or complete
myotoniatonus
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energy is provided for muscle contration by ATP and its regeneration by direct phosphorylation by CP or______
this can last about 20 seconds
creative phosphate
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most energy at rest and with light exercise is provided by _______ usin glucose and other nutrient fuels such as fatty acids
cellular respiration
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with intense exercise _________ and lastic acid formation accur. this leads to fatigue and a burning sensation in the muscles, along with oxigen debt, but quickly goes away when activity slows down.
anaerobic respiration
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muscle concentration in which the muscle shortens are called
concentric contractions
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if the muscle can't shorten because the load is too heavy for example, the contraction is called
eccentric contraction
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the end that is stationary when a muscle contracts is the ____ and the end that moves is the _____
origin; insertion
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bending at the joint is called
flexing
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straightening is
extensor muscle
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the muscle that is most involved in any specific action is called the
primary mover
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muscles that oppose the action are __ and muscle that help are
antagonists and agonists
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this is the property of muscle tha gives the ability to stretch without damage
extensibility
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in an isometric contraction the muscle develops tension but does not
change its length
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this is a band of connective tissue that sorrounds muscles
epimysium
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when connective tissue extends as a broad flat layer thetendon is referred to as
synaptic end bulbs
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these are the contractile organelles of the muscle fiber
myofibrils
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this part of the skeletal muscle cell releases calcium when stimulated by the T tibules
terminal system
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the sarcoplasmic reticulum is used for storing
calcium
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what regulatory proteins can be found on an actin molecule
tropomyosin and troponin
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in the sliding filament mechanism the thin filament is being pulled towards the
M line
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this consists of a somatic motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates
motor unit
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most muscle cross at least one
joint
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the attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone is called the _____
origin
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the attachment of the muscle other tendon to the movable bone is called
insertion
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a lever is acted on at two different forces which are
effort and load
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motion will occur in a muscle when the ___ supplied exceeds the ______
effort; load
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what is another name for a prime mover
catalyst
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the signal to excite a muscle cell must cross the neuromuscular junction by the diffusion of acetycholine across the
synaptic cleft
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major funtion of muscle tissue
- Through sustained contraction or alternating contraction and relaxation,muscular tissue has four key functions:
- producing bodymovements,
- stabilizing body positions,
- storing and moving substances within the body,
- and generating heat.
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skeletal muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle, which is attached to bones by tendons, is associated with the body's voluntary movements. Skeletal muscle is striated muscle. Unlike cardiac muscle, the cells are not branched.
is so named because most skeletal musclesmove bones of the skeleton. (A few skeletal muscles attach toand move the skin or other skeletal muscles.) Skeletal muscle tissueis striated: Alternating light and dark protein bands (striations) areseen when the tissue is examined with a microscope (see Table 4.9).Skeletal muscle tissue works mainly in a voluntary manner. Its activitycan be consciously controlled by neurons (nerve cells) that arepart of the somatic (voluntary) division of the nervous system. (Figure12.10 depicts the divisions of the nervous system.) Most skeletalmuscles also are controlled subconsciously to some extent. For example,your diaphragm continues to alternately contract and relaxwithout conscious control so that you don’t stop breathing. Also,you do not need to consciously think about contracting the skeletalmuscles that maintain your posture or stabilize body positions.
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Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle is so named because it is found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated discs which allow the synchronization of the heart beat. Cardiac muscle is branched, striated muscle.
Only the heart contains cardiac muscle tissue, which formsmost of the heart wall. Cardiac muscle is also striated, but its actionis involuntary. The alternating contraction and relaxation ofthe heart is not consciously controlled. Rather, the heart beats becauseit has a pacemaker that initiates each contraction. Thisbuilt-in rhythm is termed autorhythmicity (aw-to¯-rith-MISS-ite¯). Several hormones and neurotransmitters can adjust heart rateby speeding or slowing the pacemaker.
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smooth muscle
is located in the walls of hollow internalstructures, such as blood vessels, airways, and most organs inthe abdominopelvic cavity. It is also found in the skin, attached tohair follicles. Under a microscope, this tissue lacks the striationsof skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. For this reason, it looks nonstriated,which is why it is referred to as smooth. The action ofsmooth muscle is usually involuntary, and some smooth muscletissue, such as the muscles that propel food through your gastrointestinaltract, has autorhythmicity. Both cardiac muscle andsmooth muscle are regulated by neurons that are part of the autonomic(involuntary) division of the nervous system and by hormonesreleased by endocrine glands.
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Properties of Muscular tissue has four special properties that enable it to functionand contribute to homeostasis:
- Electrical excitability
- Contractility
- extensibility
- elasticity
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elasticity
is the ability of muscular tissue toreturn to its original length and shape after contraction orextension.
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extensibility
is the ability of musculartissue to stretch, within limits, without being damaged.
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contractility
is the ability of muscular tissueto contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential
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electrical excitability
is theability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electricalsignals called action potentials (impulses).
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what are the bands?
Z discs Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate onesarcomere from the next.
A band Dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thickfilaments and includes those parts of thin filaments that overlapthick filaments.
I band Lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder ofthin filaments but no thick filaments. A Z disc passes throughcenter of each I band.
H zone Narrow region in center of each A band that contains thickfilaments but no thin filaments.
M line Region in center of H zone that contains proteins that hold thickfilaments together at center of sarcomere.
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what are Z discs
Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate onesarcomere from the next.
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what are A band
band Dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thickfilaments and includes those parts of thin filaments that overlapthick filaments.
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what are I band
band Lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder ofthin filaments but no thick filaments. A Z disc passes throughcenter of each I band.
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what is the H zone
zone Narrow region in center of each A band that contains thickfilaments but no thin filaments.
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what are M lines
line Region in center of H zone that contains proteins that hold thickfilaments together at center of sarcomere.
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The hip abductor muscles are a group of four muscles located in the buttocks region on both sides of the body. Their names are:
1) Gluteus Maximus, 2) Gluteus Medius, 3) Gluteus Minimus, and 4) Tensor Fascia Lata.
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The contraction cycle consistsof four stepsThe contraction cycle consistsof four steps
- ATP hydrolysis
- attachment of myosin to actin to form cross-bridges
- power stroke
- detachment of myosin from actin
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3 ways muscle produce ATP
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