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Art and Commerce
- $40 Billion/year worldwide
- • Three basic elements:
- • Musicians
- • Merchants
- • Audience
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The Helpers
- • Many musicians avoid confrontation with the real world
- • The "helpers" out number the composers and performers
- •Agents
- • Managers
- • Promoters
- • Producers
- • Engineers
- • Broadcasters
- • Merchants
- • Attorneys
- • Business advisors
- • Accountants
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More than Rock
- • The American Symphony League
- • 34,000 symphony concerts per year
- • Orchestra revenue totaled $1.77 billion
- • Opera
- • 300 professional and semiprofessional companies
- • Ballet
- • Increased audience of 15 times since 1950
- • Record sales of classical is 1.9% of all music purchasesto 1.1% for jazz
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Finding a Paying Audience
First professional musicians in western civilization werethe mimes of Greek and Roman theatre
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Finding a Paying Audience: Middle Ages
- • Minstrels of Germany
- • Jongleurs of France
- • Vaudevillians
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Finding a Paying Audience: Church
•To this day musicians are unpaid or paid belowprofessional rates
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Finding a Paying Audience: 15th and 16th centuries
- • Music guilds - Germany
- • Composers and performers were on the royal payroll
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Finding a Paying Audience: P.T. Barnum
- • 1850
- • Jenny Lind (opera star)
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Finding a Paying Audience: Minstrel show
• Mid-19th century
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Finding a Paying Audience: 1890s
- • Piano standard in the home
- • Stephen Foster and a hymnal
- • 1892 "After the Ball" was the first song to sell amillion (in a 12 month period) - Charles Harris
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Radio and records - 1920s
- • Radio Corporation of America (RCA) formedNational Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) in 1926
- • RCA bought out Victor at the end of the 1920s
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Records
- *Format Wars
- -Columbia L.P. 33 . RPM (1948) and RCA 45RPM (1949)
- *New distribution and merchandising methods
- - Supermarkets, variety stores, dept. stores, etc.
- Philips Compact Cassette
- CD
- Apple iPod
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The industry
- 75% of worldwide market of recorded music is sold byfive countries:
- -United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany,and France
- United States does about 1/3 of the worldmarket sales
- In 1980 U.S. represented 2/3 of world sales
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Major Labels
There are four major labels that account for 74% of theglobal market
Universal, Sony-BMG, Warner Music, and EMI
Independent labels account for 26%
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Industry Percentage Control
Infinity and Clear Channels control 80% of radio’s aswell as dominate arenas in the U.S.
13 retail entities in the U.S. sell 80% of CD’s
iTunes controls 70% of digital sales
-Sales
-The international phase
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Business Entities
- Sole Proprietor
- Partnership• Corporation
- Limited Liability Company
- (LLC)
- S Corporation
- Contract Employment or Self-Employment
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American Federation of Musicians (AFM)
- Membership includes:
- Instrumentalists
- Conductors
- Arrangers
- Orchestrators
- Copyists
- Music librarians
- Proofreaders
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Connected with the AFL-CIO.
- Two levels:
- -Local (. 400).
- -National:
- Recording.
- Network broadcasting.
- Theatrical film.
- Home video.
- Television film and tape.
- Live on tape network television.
- Syndicated programs and services.
- Pay TV.
- Commercial announcements.
- Taped music for traveling productions
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Issues in the music induestry team
- Wages
- Hours
- Overtime
- Working conditions
- Orchestra size and minimums
- Instrument doubling
- Cartage
- Rehearsal fees
- Pay for leaders and contractors
- Tracking scale
- Reuse and new use
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What does AFTRA stand for?
American Federation of Television and Radio Artists(AFTRA)
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Professional singers
- Live and taped television
- Radio
- Transcriptions
- Phonograph records
- Non-broadcast material
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American Federation of Television and Radio Artists(AFTRA)
Dues are based on annual gross incomes
Also includes actors, dancers, announcers, newsreporters, sportscasters, sound effects people, andspecialty artists
A singer may accept a first job, within a jurisdiction,without joining the union
Must join within 30 days to continue acceptingAFTRA jobs
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Classification of artists
- Soloists
- Duos
- Group singers
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Other music Associations
- American Guild of Musical Artists (AGMA)
- American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA)
- Actors Equity Union ("Equity")
- Screen Actors Guild (SAG)
- International Alliance of Theatrical and Stage Employees(IATSE)
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Taxes:
- Contract Employee:
- Employer is responsible for deducting taxes fromthe paycheck
- Income Taxes:
- Federal
- State
- Local
- Social Security
- Medicare
- State Unemployment Taxes
- State Disability Insurance
- In several states including California
Employee receives a W-2 at the end of the year
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Self-Employed
Income Tax• Estimated payments made quarterly• April 15, June 15, September 15, andJanuary 15• Self-employment tax (15.3% net)• Year end accounting a series of tax form 1099 Misc.
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