PhysioPsych_Test2

This endogenous (internally produced) opiod neurotransmitter peptide is responsible for runner's high, fever reduction, and orgasm.

This lipid neurotransmitter is used to treat pain, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, and obesity. It can reduce eye pressure and increase appetite.

In these disorders of the basal ganglia, endocanabinoids can adjust to control imbalanced tremors

This stimulant is the most commonly used drug in the world

caffiene (an antagonist) works to inhibit this nucleoside, which is energy controling, anti-arousal, and plays a role in promoting sleep.

This soluble gas is used in Viagra. It increases relaxation in muscles and increases bloodflow to counteract detumescence.

Using a stereotaxic devise, creating a ________ current kills the tissues--- axons, soma, etc. - of everything that passes through the region.

In animal research, a _______ apparatus holds the animal's head, maintains proper orientation, etc. It is sometimes used in human neuorsurgery.

________ methods = brain stains

A _______ mouse or other animal has a targeted mutation.

______ magnetic stimulation can be used to create "temporary" lesions. Also may be useful in treating depression?

A(n) ____ lesion stimulates neurons to death.

A high resolution, very fast scanner that allows researchers to view the brain's regional metabolism.

Put your head in a donut shaped ring, an x-ray passes through your head, and other side has a detector that measures radioactivity that it detects.

Using stereotaxic equipment, control animals usually receive ____________ lesions.

Person receives a radioactive injection-- when the molecules decay they are detected by a computer.

A(n) ________ microscope has extreme powers of magnification (think "ant face").

Destroying (not removing) a brain portion to study its effects

_______ is where macroelectrodes read neuron cluster voltages in the brain.

the inability of the brain to make sense of or make use of some part of otherwise normal visual stimulus.

the inability to recognize familiar objects or faces.

Specialized neurons that receive information from the senses

process where information from the senses is received and changed to appropriate neural impulses

What portion of the brain's cerebral cortex is involved in vision?

this is picked up by the eye to allow for sight

this is measured in wavelength... from 400-700; or blue-red

This part of the eye causes neurons to fire

this connects the eye to the CNS

eye movement - cooperation of both eyes to focus on something

eye movement- a jumping focus on several points such as reading

eye movement - moving to maintain an image of something, such as a runner

Rods percieve _______ in the perephial

Cones perceive _______ in the fovea (center) of the eye (black/white)

when an eye perceives electromagnetic radiation and it is sent through the CNS/LGN to the visual cortex. This is an example of _______

Rods and cones are _______ receptors

A group of cells in the thalamus that is a relay medium between the retina and the visual cortex

Processing area for visual information: retina > thalamus (LGN) > ___________?

This is an inherited genetic trait with inability to distinguish certain colors

the ganglion cells are responsible for this color distortion -___________

when neurons affect neighbor neurons (inhibit them)

where different neurons respond to different spatial orientations (such as the abe lincoln pixel slides)

this is involved in depth perception

Impaired color vision (can be hemisphere based) (sharpness & accuity not affected)

the loss of concept or knowledge

prosopagnosia is a symptom of _______

This is responsible for facial recognition (in the temporal cortex) Damage to this causes impaired facial recognition. MAY BE CONNECTED with prosopagnosia and autism!

In Fusiform face area FFA studies, what face cues did the FFA respond to?

where the occipital and temporal lobe meet, it is activated by human body forms and body movement.

In the occipital lobe/cortex, this activates when processing scenes and backgrounds

term for "hearing"

Loss of ability to perceive or produce music

musical voice / emotionality

Match the physical form (A) of soundwaves with the perceptual (B) form:
A: Complexity, Amplitude, Frequency ;
B: Pitch, Loudness, Timbre

a level of 110 of this measurement for more than one minute can cause hearing loss/damage

term for ringing ears

This helps collect soundwaves for hearing:

vibrations per second is measured in this

3 main stages of processing sound:
1. Sound transmits into the auditory canal,
2. sound hits the __________,
3. then moves to the _________ which processes sound (this is a pathway of transduction!)

The shell shaped cochlea processes High/low? frequencies at the base, while it processes high/low? frequencies at the top

______ contains the recpetor cells for hearing

_______ bend to facilitate neuron firing

What is the cause of ringing ears?

(probably important) Transduction pathway of hearing:

1: _________ (in the hindbrain)
2: ___________ _________ (midbrain)
3: ______ _______ ________ __ __ _______(forebrain)
4: __ _______ _______ (temporal cortex/forebrain)

In the basilar membrane,
high or low? frequency excites hair cells near the base, while high or low? excite hair cells near the top/apex

Cochlear implants are surgically placed in the ear to aid deaf people. This is relevant somehow to...

Are hair cells stimulated more by loud or soft sounds?

localized perception of sound; sound hits one ear before it reaches the other

judgment of horizontal position of a sound, 0-340º

cortex of where judgment of sound direction takes place

cortex where judgment of what a sound is takes place

not able to recognize a sound

Sound is ...(? missing notes).. which hemisphere and lobe?

processing of this starts sub-cortically

harmony (2 voices at the same time) is processed in the _____ cortex

Beat is processed in the Left or Right? ________ cortex
Rhythmic patterns in the Left or Right? ________ cortex

professional muscians are said to have larger ________ (which first analyzes sound) than non-musical people!

How many people in the USA are hard of hearing?

The 3 types of deafness:

There is interference to the outer/ middle ear. the CNS is not damaged. this is ________ deafness

This deafness involves impaired cochlea, hair cells, etc. It is not repairable with a hearing aid

This deafness is caused by brain lesions

Hair cells regrow in mamals?

A condition where a person can read, speak, etc. but cannot understand speech. May involve Wernicke's Area

understand the differences in recognition vs. comprehension, such as hearing foreign language

Inside the ear there are _________ sacs that help us establish balance and spatial orientation

inside each ear there are 3 ___________ which help in aiding balance and adjusting for head movement.

vestibular senses provide...

the __________ nerve connects and recieves positional information

Things that can happen when the vestibular system is damaged:

The term for the sum of all inner ear organs:

When water enters the cavity of an ear, motion sickness can occur. This is called................

This may be an evolved automatic response to poison-like symptoms

This may give a pilot the sensation of gaining altitude during flight if they tilt their head backwards

These nerves extend to the cerebellum, including the medulla, pons, and spinal cord.

Causes of this may include: swelling, decreased blood flow, and multiple sclerosis.

Possibly caused by a tumor, this is characterized by a ringing in only one ear

These senses include touch, temperature, proprioception (AKA kinesthesia/body position) and pain.

This involves recpetors in the joints, tendons, and muscles. It is a key component in muscle memory and hand-eye coordination. It is a sense of relative position in relation to other body parts.

When your inner body senses: stomach aches, Dr H's gallbladder , and warm drinks

pressure, vibrations, heating, cooling, and pain are stimuli for ...

This is the largest organ

These receptors respond to mechanical stimulation, like a pat on the back

Mechanical receptor sensitivity is greater where?

This cortex is more developed in people who use their skin more, like guitarists

a sensory receptor that responds to potentially damaging stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal cord and brain. (PAIN)

a sensory receptor that codes absolute and relative changes in temperature

Similar to the other pathways of transduction, Somatosensory's pathway is.... 1. _____ 2. ______ 3. Medulla 4. Thalamus 5. (somatosensory) cortex

When association areas are damaged, it can sever sensation and perception associations. Knowing you are touching something, but not being able to perceive what it is, is called _____________

can the environment influence pain?

Note that inflamation and swelling increases pain sensitivity to help alert and convince a person to not persue further damage

(between the frontal and temporal lobe) This is considered a limbic related cortex (emotion). If damaged, it can lead to the loss of urges to smoke. (Wikipedia: Henry Gray in Gray's Anatomy is responsible for it being known as the Island of Reil.)

connected with the limbic system, this is involved with empathy, emotion, decision making, etc. When you wince seeing someone kicked in the groin.

The sensation of a limb when a limb is not present (amputation)

pain is reduced endogenously by

This chemical is found in spciy/hot foods like a pepper that stimulates the pain sensors

morphine best prevents what kind of pain?

histamines in the skin are in part responsible for this. (morphine and novocain use stimulate this as well)

The two chemosenses

Taste is produced by chemicals in the saliva. List the 5 types of taste produced by the tounge:

The term used for the bumpy taste buds on the tounge. (there are 10,000 of them).

The lack of a sense of smell

the transduction pathway of gustation--
1._______ 2. medulla 3.Thalamus 4.Primary Gustory Cortex (Frontal cortex) (Insula)

In olfaction, molecular weight produces unique smells. Where are the smell receptor cells that process this kept?

The olfactory bulb/system can produce a sense of want/do not want or good/bad based on smell because it is connected to......

This structure responds to pheromones in animals(?maybe humans?), like a dog to a fire hydrant.

endorphins and other endogenous opioids are this neurotransmitter type:

endocanabinoids etc. are a type of this:

adenosine is a type of :

nitric oxide is a ...