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Aronson and Linder
proposed the gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant
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Asch
studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines
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Bem
developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive-dissonance theory; suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; linked with concept of androgyny
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clark and clark
performed a famous study on doll preferences in African American children
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Darley and Latane
proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility
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Eagly
suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles
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Festinger
developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory
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Hall
studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions
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Heider
developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational
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Hovland
studied attitude change
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Janis
developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry
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Lerner
proposed the concept of belief in a just world
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Lewin
divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire
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McGuire
studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion
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Milgram
studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers
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Newcomb
studied political norms
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Petty and Cacioppo
developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
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schachter
studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation
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Sherif
used the autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed the Robber's Cave experiment
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Zajonc
studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses
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Zimbardo
performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results
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Ainsworth
devised the "strange situation" to study attachment
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Baumrind
studied the relationship between parental style and aggression
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Bowlby
studied attachment in children
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Chomsky
linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition; distinguished between the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another
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Erikson
outlined the eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan
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Freud
outlined five stages of psychosexual development
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Gesell
believed that development was due primarily to maturation
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Gilligan
suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality
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Hall
founder of developmental psychology
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Harlow
used monkeys and surrogate mothers to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation
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Kohlberg
studied moral development using moral dilemmas
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Locke
believed in the blank slate
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Lorenz
studied imprinting in birds
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Piaget
outlined four stages of cognitive development
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Rousseau
French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society
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Terman
performed a longitudinal study on gifted children
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Tyron
studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats
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Vygotsky
studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development
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Adler
psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of the inferiority complex
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Allport
trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality
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Bandura
behaviorist theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using "Bobo" doll; studied observational learning
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Cattell
trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality
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Dollard and Miller
behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework
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Eysenck
trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism
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Horney
Psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, moving away from
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Jung
talked about the collective unconscious
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Kelly
based personality theory on the notion of "individual as scientist"
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Kerberg
object-relations theorist
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Klein
object-relations theorist
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Lewin
phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory
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Mahler
object-relations theorist
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Maslow
Phenomenological personality theorist known for hierarchy of needs and self-actualization
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McClelland
studied the need for achievement (nAch)
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Mischel
critic of trait theories of personality
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Rogers
phenomenological personality theorist; developed client-centered therapy, based on the concept of unconditional positive regard
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Rotter
studied locus of control
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Sheldon
attempted to relate somatotype to personality type
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Skinner
behaviorist; developed principles of operant conditioning
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Winnicott
object-relations theorist
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Witkin
studied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod and frame test
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Beck
CBT therapist known for his therapy for depression
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Bleuler
coined the term schizophrenia
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Dix
19th century American advocate of asylum reform
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Ellis
CBT therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)
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Kraepelin
developed a system in the 19th century for classifying mental disorders
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Pinel
reformed French asylums in the 18th century
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Rosenhan
investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals
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Seligman
formulated the learned helplessness theory of depression
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Szasz
suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not real disorders
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Broca
French anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language
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Cannon
physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including "fight or flight" reactions; investigated homeostasis; and with Bard proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
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Kandel
demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails is associated with changes in neurotransmission
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James and Lange
proposed the James-Lange theory of emotions
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Kluver and Bucy
studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied the amygdala's role in emotions
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Luria
studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions
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Olds and Milner, P.
demonstrated the existence of the pleasure center in the brain using self-stimulation studies in rats
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Penfield
mapped out different parts of the brain during surgery
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Schacter and Singer
proposed the Schachter-Singer theory of emotions
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Sherrington
first inferred the existence of the synapse
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Sperry and Gazzaniga
did split-brain studies
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Wernicke
identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language
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Bekesy
empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory
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Berkeley
developed a list of depth cues that help us perceive depth
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Broadbent
proposed filter theory of attention
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Fechner
developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation
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Gibson and Walk
developed the visual cliff apparatus
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Gibson
studied depth cues, especially texture gradients
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Helmholtz
developed the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception
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Hering
developed opponent process theory of color vision
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Hubel and Wiesel
studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells
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Kohler
developed the theory of isomorphism; studied insight in problem solving
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Melzack and Wall
proposed gate theory of pain
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Stevens
developed Stevens's law as an alternative to Fechner's law
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Swets
refined ROC curves in signal detection theory
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Wever and Bray
developed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception
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Yerkes and Dodson
developed Yerkes-Dodson law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal
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Breland and Breland
studied instinctual drift
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Garcia
studied taste-aversion learning
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Lorenz
ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment
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Pavlov
developed the principles of classic conditioning
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Premack
suggested the Premack principle: that a more-preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity
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Rescorla
performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical condtitioning; proposed the contingency theory of classical conditioning
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Thorndike
proposed the law of effect; used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats
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Tinberen
ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations
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von Frisch
ethologist who studied communication in honey bees
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Watson
performed experiment on Little Albert showing that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning
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Wilson
developed sociobiology
-
Wolpe
developed the method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias
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Bartlett
investigated the role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process
-
Cattell
divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan
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Collins and Loftus
devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory
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Craik and Lockhart
developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory
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Ebbinghaus
studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings
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Gardner
proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into seven different types, all of which are equally important
-
Guilford
developed divergent thinking test to measure creativity
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Kahneman and Tversky
investigated the use of heuristics in decision-making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic
-
Loftus
studied eyewitness memory
-
Luchins
used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem solving
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Macoby and Jacklin
found support for gender differences in verbal ability
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McClelland and Rumelhart
suggested that the brain processes information using parallel distributed processing
-
Miller
found that the capacity of short-term memory is 7 plus or minus 2 items
-
Paivio
proposed the dual-code hypothesis
-
Smith, Shoben, and Rips
devised the semantic feature-comparison model of semantic memory
-
Spearman
suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in amount of a general factor called g
-
Sperling
studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial-report method
-
Sternberg
proposed the triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: compnential, experiential, and contextual
-
Thurstone
used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities
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Whorf
hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived
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