psych names cards.txt

proposed the gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant

studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines

developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive-dissonance theory; suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; linked with concept of androgyny

performed a famous study on doll preferences in African American children

proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility

suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles

developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory

studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions

developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational

studied attitude change

developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry

proposed the concept of belief in a just world

divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire

studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion

studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers

studied political norms

developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation

used the autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed the Robber's Cave experiment

studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses

performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results

devised the "strange situation" to study attachment

studied the relationship between parental style and aggression

studied attachment in children

linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition; distinguished between the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another

outlined the eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan

outlined five stages of psychosexual development

believed that development was due primarily to maturation

suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality

founder of developmental psychology

used monkeys and surrogate mothers to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation

studied moral development using moral dilemmas

believed in the blank slate

studied imprinting in birds

outlined four stages of cognitive development

French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society

performed a longitudinal study on gifted children

studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats

studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development

psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of the inferiority complex

trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality

behaviorist theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using "Bobo" doll; studied observational learning

trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality

behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework

trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism

Psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, moving away from

talked about the collective unconscious

based personality theory on the notion of "individual as scientist"

object-relations theorist

object-relations theorist

phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory

object-relations theorist

Phenomenological personality theorist known for hierarchy of needs and self-actualization

studied the need for achievement (nAch)

critic of trait theories of personality

phenomenological personality theorist; developed client-centered therapy, based on the concept of unconditional positive regard

studied locus of control

attempted to relate somatotype to personality type

behaviorist; developed principles of operant conditioning

object-relations theorist

studied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod and frame test

CBT therapist known for his therapy for depression

coined the term schizophrenia

19th century American advocate of asylum reform

CBT therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)

developed a system in the 19th century for classifying mental disorders

reformed French asylums in the 18th century

investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals

formulated the learned helplessness theory of depression

suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not real disorders

French anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language

physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including "fight or flight" reactions; investigated homeostasis; and with Bard proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions

demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails is associated with changes in neurotransmission

proposed the James-Lange theory of emotions

studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied the amygdala's role in emotions

studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions

studied H.M.

demonstrated the existence of the pleasure center in the brain using self-stimulation studies in rats

mapped out different parts of the brain during surgery

proposed the Schachter-Singer theory of emotions

first inferred the existence of the synapse

did split-brain studies

identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language

empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory

developed a list of depth cues that help us perceive depth

proposed filter theory of attention

developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation

developed the visual cliff apparatus

studied depth cues, especially texture gradients

developed the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception

developed opponent process theory of color vision

studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells

developed the theory of isomorphism; studied insight in problem solving

proposed gate theory of pain

developed Stevens's law as an alternative to Fechner's law

refined ROC curves in signal detection theory

developed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception

developed Yerkes-Dodson law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal

studied instinctual drift

studied taste-aversion learning

ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment

developed the principles of classic conditioning

suggested the Premack principle: that a more-preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity

performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical condtitioning; proposed the contingency theory of classical conditioning

proposed the law of effect; used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats

ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations

ethologist who studied communication in honey bees

performed experiment on Little Albert showing that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning

developed sociobiology

developed the method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias

investigated the role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process

divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan

devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory

developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory

studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings

proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into seven different types, all of which are equally important

developed divergent thinking test to measure creativity

investigated the use of heuristics in decision-making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic

studied eyewitness memory

used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem solving

found support for gender differences in verbal ability

suggested that the brain processes information using parallel distributed processing

found that the capacity of short-term memory is 7 plus or minus 2 items

proposed the dual-code hypothesis

devised the semantic feature-comparison model of semantic memory

suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in amount of a general factor called g

studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial-report method

proposed the triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: compnential, experiential, and contextual

used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities

hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived