kaplan psych names cards.txt

Developed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Founded first psychology research lab in 1879

Believed there could be imageless thought

Introduced mental testing to the United States

Development of psychology is primarily due to Zeitgeist (changing spirit of the times) rather than efforts of great people.

Proposed gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)

Experiments with maze running in rats led to cognitive map theory

Studies conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines

Performed study on doll preferences in African American children (used in Brown v. Board of Education); black and white children preferred white dolls

Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility

Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles

Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory

Studies norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions

Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational

studied attitude change, source credibility

Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry

proposed concept of belief in a just world

Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire

studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion

studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers

studied political norms (community influence)

developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)

studies relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation

used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation

studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses

performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results

developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory (evaluate attitudes based on behavior)

devised the Strange Situation to study attachment

studied the relationship between parental style and aggression

studied attachment in human children

linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition; distinguished between the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another

outlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan; ego psychologist

outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development; originator of the psychodynamic approach to personality; developed psychoanalysis

believed that development was due primarily to maturation

suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality

founder of developmental psychology

used monkeys and "surrogate mothers" to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation

studied moral development using moral dilemmas

British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabula rasa) to be written on by experience

ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment; studied imprinting on birds; instrumental in founding ethology

Hypothesized the existence of the basic unit of heredity, the gene, by studying pea plants

outlined four stages of cognitive development

French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society

performed longitudinal study on gifted children

studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats

studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development

psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of inferiority complex

trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic an nomothetic approaches to personality

behavioral theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag (Bobo doll) - studied observational learning

suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; also linked with concept of androgyny

trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality; divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan

behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behavioral framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts

trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism

founder of ego psychology

psychodynamic theorist who suggested that there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away

psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, with archetypes being in the collective unconscious

based personality theory on the notion of "individual as scientist"

object-relations theorist

object-relations theorist

phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory

object-relations theorist

phenomenological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization

studied need for achievement (nAch)

Human behavior is largely determined by the situation rather than personal characteristics

phenomenological personality theorist; developed client-centered therapy, based upon the concept of unconditional positive regard

studied locus of control (internal vs. external); developed a sentence completion test; a projective test designed to measure personality

attempted to relate somatotype (body type) to personality type

behaviorist; developed principles of operant conditioning

object-relations theorist

studied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod and frame test

Cognitive behavior therapist known for his therapy for depression

coined the term schizophrenia

19th century American advocate of asylum reform

Cognitive behavior therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)

developed system in 19th century for classifying mental disorders; DSM-IV can be considered to be a descendant of this system

reformed French asylums in late 18th century

investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals

formulated learned helplessness theory of depression

suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote "The Myth of Mental Illness"

French anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language

physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including fight or flight reactions; investigated homeostasis; and with Bard, proposed the theory of emotions that states physiological arousal and brain circuits both affect subjective emotion experience.

demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (Aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission

Pair who proposed theory of emotions that states we recognize emotions based on bodily reaction/behavior.

studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied the amygdala's role in emotions

Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions

studied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M., a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy

demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using self-stimulation studies in rats

Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to "map" out different parts of the brain during surgery

Pair who proposed theory of emotions that states physiological arousal will be interpreted as different emotions depending on environmental cues.

English physiologist who first inferred the existence of the synapse

investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using "split brain" studies

German neurologist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language

empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory

Developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth

proposed filter theory of attention

developed law which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation

developed the visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception

studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth

developed trichromatic theory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception

developed opponent process theory of color vision

studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells

developed theory of isomorphism (one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain); studied insight in problem solving

proposed gate theory of pain

developed own law as an alternative to Fechner's law

refined Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves in signal detection theory

Introduced electroshock

proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception

Pair who developed Law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal

discovered and studied instinctual drift

proposed a theory of evolution with natural selection as its centerpiece

studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli

discovered the basic principles of classical conditioning

suggested the principle that states a more-preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity

performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning

proposed the law of effect (basis for operant conditioning); used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats

ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations

performed experiment on Little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning

developed sociobiology

developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias

investigated the role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process

devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory (closeness of association between words --> speed of response about relationships between them)

developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory

studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings

proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into seven different types, all of which are equally important; traditional IQ tests measure only two of the seven types

devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity

investigated the use of heuristics in decision-making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic

studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions

used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem-solving

found support for gender differences in verbal ability

suggested that the brain processes information using parallel distributed processing (PDP)

found that the capacity of short-term memory is seven (plus or minus two) items

proposed dual-code hypothesis: abstract information tends to be encoded verbally, whereas concrete information tends to be encoded both visually and verbally

devised the semantic feature-comparison model of semantic memory

suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in amount of a general factor called g

studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial-report method

proposed the triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: componential, experiential, and contextual

used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities - factors more specific than g, but more general than s

hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived

Pair who developed own intelligence test; introduced the concept of mental age

developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes

suggested that there were genetically based racial differences in IQ; this suggestion has been much criticized

developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a projective test designed to measure personality

developed inkblot test, a projective test designed to measure personality

Developed the concept of the ratio IQ

Pair who developed own Interest Inventory; used to assess interest in different lines of work

revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test; revision became known as the Stanford-Binet IQ Test

developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages (WPPSI, WISC, WAIS), these tests yield three deviation IQs: verbal, performance, & full-scale

ethologist who studied communication in honey bees