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3 groups of corticosteroids
- mineralocorticoids
- glucocorticoids
- gonadocorticoids
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Mineralcorticoid example
aldosterone
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Glucocorticoid example
cortisol
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Gonadocorticoid example
testosterone
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Where are steroid hormones/corticosteroids produced?
adrenal cortex
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Catecholamine example
norepinephrine
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Androgen example
testosterone
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Steroid example
testosterone
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Corticosteroid example
cortisol
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3 Functional regions of cells
- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasciculata
- zona reticularis
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3 types of pancreatic islets of langerhans
- alpha cells
- beta cells
- delta cells
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When sodium is down and potassium is up
- urine output increases
- blood pressure decreased
- ectracellular fluid decreases
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Kidney cells
juxtaglomerular
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What do kidney cells do?
- detect low blood bolume
- release the enzyme renin
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What does renin do?
converts angiotensinogen into angiotension 1
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What is angiotensinogen?
a protein in the blood from the liver
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What does angiotension 1 do?
travels in the blood to the lungs
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ACE
angiotensin converting enzyme
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What does ACE do?
converts angiotension 1 into angiotension 2 at the lungs
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What does angiotension 2 target?
- blood vessels
- adrenal cortex
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vasoconstrictor
increases blood pressure
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What does angiotension 2 do?
- increases blood pressure
- causes adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
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What does aldosterone target?
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What does aldosterone cause?
- sodium resorption
- potassium loss
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What hormones increase blood sugar?
- cortisol
- epinephrine
- glucagon
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What hormone decreases blood sugar?
insulin
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Groiter
- enlarged thyroid
- hyper or hypo thyroid hormones
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Who is more likely to get groiter?
people who live in mountainous or desert regions where there is a lack of iodine in the drinking water or soil
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What are the causes of groiter?
- idiopathic
- lack of iodine
- overactive thyroid
- underactive thyroid
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Graves' disease
- automimmune disorder in which the blood of the patient contains antibodies that combine with the receptors for TSH
- hyper thyroid hormones
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Cretinism
- results from failure of the thyroid to develop during intrauterine life or failure of the gland to secrete thyroid hormones
- hypo thyroid hormones
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Myxedema
- skin becomes yellow, thick, and puffy due to accumulation of mucoprotein in the subcutaneous tissue (mostly women)
- hypo thyroid hormones
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2 hormones associated with groiter, graves, cretinism, and myxedema
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What does hypo parathormone cause?
- kidney stones
- demineralization of bone
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What does hyper parathormone cause?
muscular and nervous disturbance
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Cushing's disease
hyper corticosteroids
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Addison's disease
hypo mineralocorticoids
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Virilism
- androgenic effects in females
- hyper gonadocorticoids
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Gynecomastia
- development of breasts in men
- hyper gonadocorticoids
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Seasonal Affective Disorder
hyper melatonin
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What disorders are associated with the thyroid gland?
- goiter
- grave's disease
- cretinism
- myxedema
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What disorders are associated with the parathyroid gland?
- kidney stones
- demineralization of bone
- muscular and nervous disturbances
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What disorders are associated with the adrenal cortex?
- cushing's disease
- addison's disease
- virilism
- gynecomastia
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What disorders are associated with the pineal gland?
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What disorder is associated with the pancreas?
diabetes mellitus type 1
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TGB
- thyroglobulin
- aids in the storage of T3 and T4
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TBG
- thyroid binding protein
- aids in the transport of T3 and T4
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T4
- tetraiodothyronine
- aka thyroxine
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NE
- norepinephrine
- aka noradrenaline
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How are T3 and T4 made?
iodine (sodium or potassium iodide) and tyrosine are necessary for synethesis
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What are the actions of T3 and T4?
- increases BMR
- exerts an anabolic action on protein metabolism during growth
- helps with normal development of the CNS
- accelerates all phases of glucose metabolism
- increases mobilization and oxidation of fatty acids and the catabolism of cholesterol
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Production gland of T3 and T4
thyroid gland
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T3 and T4 cell type
follicle cell
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Actions of T3 and T4
increase BMR development of CNS
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CT production gland
thyroid gland
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CT cell type
c-cells/parafollicular cells
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Action of CT
decreases blood calcium levels
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PTH production gland
parathyroid gland
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PTH cell type
cheif cells
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Actions of PTH
- increases blood calcium
- increases resorption of calcium at kidneys
- activates vitamin D
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NO hormone production gland
parathyroid
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NO hormone cell type
oxyphil cells
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Action of NO hormone
support
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Aldosterone production gland
adrenal cortex
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Aldosterone cell type
zona glomerulosa
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Targets of aldosterone
- kidneys
- sweat glands
- salivary glands
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Action of aldosterone
increases retention of sodium
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Cortisol aka
hydrocortisone
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Cortisol production gland
adrenal cortex
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Cortisol cell type
zona fasciculata
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Targets of cortisol
- liver
- mast cells
- capillaries
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Actions of cortisol
- increases blood glucose
- anti-inflammation
- anti-stress
- decreases immunity
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Sex hormones production gland
adrenal cortex
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Sex hormones cell type
zona reticularis
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Target of sex hormones
body cells
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Actions of sex hormones
- androgen-masculine characteristics
- estrogen-breast development
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Epinephrine aka
adrenaline
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Epinephrine production gland
adrenal medulla
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Epinephrine cell type
chromaffin cells
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Targets of epinephrine
- lungs
- heart
- liver
- blood vessels
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Actions of epinephrine
- dilates respiratory tract
- increases heart rate
- increases blood glucose
- increases blood pressure
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NE production gland
adrenal medulla
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NE cell type
chromaffin cells
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Target of NE
blood vessels
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Actions of NE
- maintains blood pressure
- vasoconstriction
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Melatonin production gland
pineal
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Melatonin cell type
pinealoyte
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Actions of melatonin
- produced in periods of low light
- sleepiness
- possibly onset of puberty
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Glucagon production gland
pancreas
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Glucagon cell type
alpha cells
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Action of glucagon
increases blood glucose
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Insulin production gland
pancreas
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Insulin cell type
beta cells
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Action of insulin
decreases blood glucose
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Somatostatin production gland
pancreas
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Somatostatin cell type
delta cells
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Target of somatostatin
alpha and beta cells
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Action of somatostatin
inhibits alpha and beta cell activity
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What are prostaglandins?
fatty acid related local hormones that can be produced anywhere
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Target of prostaglandins
production site (usually smooth muscle)
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Actions of prostaglandins
- causes fever,
- pain,
- headache,
- spasms
- constricts muscles
- dilates blood vessels
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What causes ketone formation in blood?
fatty acid metabolism
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Acidosis
- low blood pH
- caused by high ketone levels in the blood
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Hypoparathyroidism
- decrease in calcium causing:
- disturbances in muscular contraction
- nervous disorders
- weak bones
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Hyperparathyroidism
- increase in calcium causing:
- precipitation of calcium in the urinary trach
- formation of kidney stones
- demineralization of bones
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Glucosuria
glucose in urine
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Polyuria
increased urine production
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Polydipsia
excessive thirst
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Polyphagia
excessive hunger
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IDDM
- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
- aka type1,
- juvenile onset diabetes
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Type 1 diabetes is most common among
ppl below 20 years of age
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Cause of type 1 diabetes
- hyposecretion of insulin
- autoimmune disorder with a genetic link
- beta cells are destroyed by the body
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Treatment of type 1 diabetes
insulin injections
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Complications of type 1 diabetes
- increased fatty acid metabolism leads to acidosis
- increased lipid trransport can lead to cardiovascular disorders
- cataracts
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NIDDM
- non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
- aka type 2,
- adult onset diabetes mellitus
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Type 2 diabetes is most common among
- ppl over age 40
- 90% of all diabetes cases
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Cause of type 2 diabetes
- receptor cells of the body are not sensitive to insulin
- genetic predisposition
- obesity
- lifestyle/diet
- pregnancy
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Treatments for type 2 diabetes
- diet therapy
- exercise
- oral medication
- weight loss
- sometimes insulin injections
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Gestational diabetes mellitus
- occurs in pregnancy
- clears after delivery
- can cause complications for the fetus
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