a position where the person is lying with the face upward, or lying on the back surface of the body
Prone Position
a position where the person is lying with the face downward, or lying on the front surface of the body
Axial Region
consists of the head, the neck, and the trunk
Appendicular Region
consists of the appendages (limbs or extremities)
Superior (Cephalic/Cranial)
upper surface of an organ or structure
a location at a higher level
Ex: the head is superior to the feet
Inferior (Caudal)
lower surface of an organ or structure
a location at a lower level
Ex: the feet are inferior to the head
Anterior (Ventral)
front or ventral surface of the body
a location in/at the front of the structure
affecting the front of a structure
a direction toward the front of a structure
Posterior (dorsal)
back or dorsal surface of the body
a location in/at the back of the structure
affecting the back of a structure
a direction toward the back of a structure
Medial
location at the mid-line
direction toward the mid-line
Lateral
location away from the mid-line
direction away from the mid-line
Intermediate
location between two structures
Proximal
closer to the point of attachment of the appendage or limb
closer to origin of structure
Distal
farther from the attachment of the appendage or limb
farther from the origin of the structure
Superficial
:refers to a location toward or at the surface of the body or a structure
Deep
:refers to a location away from or at the surface of the body or a structure
Sagittal Planes
anteroposterior planes that divides the body, or a structure, into right and left portions
Midsagittal Plane (Median)
a midline sagittal plane that divides the body, or structure, into equal right and left halves
Parasagittal Plane
sagittal plane that does not divide the body, or a structure, into equal right and left halves
Frontal Plane (Coronal)
vertical plane that divides the body, or a structure, into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse Plane (Horizontal)
horizontal plane (at a right angle to a vertical plane) that divides the body, or a structure, into superior and inferior portions
Identify body cavities
1. Cranial Cavity
2. Vertebral Cavity
3. Spinal Cavity
4. Thoratic Cavity
5. Ventral Body Cavity
6. Abdominal Cavity
7. Pelvic Cavity
Identify Abdominopelvic Regions
How does the depth of field change for each of the 3 lens systems?
Increase magnification, decrease depth of field
Matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
Element
simple substance which cannot be decomposed or broken down into simpler matter by any chemical change
List the 6 elements that make up 99% of living tissue
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium
Atoms
smallest particle of an element
Atoms 3 subatomic particles
Protons, neutrons, electrons
True or false
There are a maximum number of electrons that occur at each energy level
TRUE
Isotopes
atoms of the same element that differ in mass because they contain different number of neutrons
2 characteristics of isotopes that are important to research
All isotopes of the same element have the:
1. Same chemical properties
2. Different physical properties
Stable Inert
they occur in nature as individual atoms
Ex: noble gases- helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon
Ionic Bonds
Chemical bonds resulting from the electrical attraction between opposite charges
How are Ionic Bonds formed?
By transfer of electrons from one to another resulting in the atoms being held together by ionic bonds
Ion
An atom that loses or gains elections - so it's a charged atom
Covalent Bonds
Chemicals resulting from the sharing of electrons by atoms
How are Covalent Bonds formed?
By atoms sharing electrons resulting in the atoms being held together by covalent bonds
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
an EQUAL sharing of electrons by the atoms forming the covalent bond so the electrical charge is evenly distributed about both ends of the molecule
Polar Covalent Bonds
NOT an equal sharing of the electrons by the atoms forming the covalent bond so one end of the molecule has slight positive charge and the other end has a slight negative charge
Single, Double, and Triple Covalent Bonds
Single-atoms share 1 pair of electrons
Ex: C-H
Double-atoms share 2 pairs of electrons
Ex: O=O
Triple- atoms share 3 pairs of electrons
Ex: N N
Hydrogen Bonds
Bond formed by the attraction of a H atom with a positive charge from one molecule to an atom with a negative charge on another molecule
Which of the bonds is the strongest? Weakest?
Covalent Bonds are the strongest
Hydrogen Bonds are the weakest
Distinguish between a molecule and a compound
Compound- a substance consisting of atoms of 2 or more different elements chemically combined
Ex: H2O, CH4, and NaCl
Molecule- a chemical unit consisting of 2 or more atoms chemically combined
Ex: H2O, CH4, O2, N2
Distinguish between Organic and Inorganic compounds
Organic- compounds containing both C and H atoms
Inorganic- compounds lacking either C or H or both
Percentage of water in living organisms
50-90%
Properties that make water special and necessary for life
hydrogen bonding between water molecules and other substances make life possible
Acid
substance that donates or increases the hydrogen ions {H+} of a solution
Base
substance that decreases the hydrogen ions of a solution
Describe and interpret the pH scale
Scale used to measure solution
0-14
pH of 7 is neutral
pH greater than 7 is basic
pH less than 7 is acid
Buffers
substance that maintain a constant pH of a solution by removing H+ as their concentration increases or releasing pH+ as their concentration decreases
Significance of Buffers
They keep the pH of the solutions within organisms constant; allowing physiological reactions to occur
Carbohydrates
Composed of C, H, and O atoms
Occur in 1:2:1 ratio
Most readily source of energy to sustain life
Monosaccharides are the building blocks
Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
1 unit sugars - smallest and simplest carb molecules - building blocks of the larger carb molecules
Ex: Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose
Disaccharides
2 unit sugars - consists of 2 monosaccharide molecules joined chemically
Ex: Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose
Polysaccharides
The many - unit sugars - they consist of 10 or more monosaccharides joined chemically - the largest carb molecules
Ex: Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose
Chemical reaction to synthesize Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
Condensation reaction - H2O is produced (is product)
Chemical reaction to break down Disaccharides and Polysaccharides and their building blocks
Hydrolysis reaction - H2O is used up (is reactant)
5 Types of Lipids
Fats (Triglycerides), fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes