Patho Unit 2

• heat units
• amount of heat needed to raise 1g water by 1^oC
• amt needed to raise 1kg water by 1^o C

• protein 4 kcal/g
• fat 9 kcal/g
• carb 4 kcal/g

• carb- converted to glucose stored as glycogen in liver & muscle; when liver loaded w/ carb converts glucose to triglycerides
• protein- amino acids stored as structural protein, enzymes, nucleoproteins
• insulin- required for fat storage; forms a-glycerol phosphate that helps combine w/ fatty acids to form triglycerides

• fibroblasts that store pure triglycerides
• constitute organ metabolically active in uptake, synthesis, storage, & mobilization of lipids

• spherical cells that become polyhedral when full
• energy storage, insulation, cushioning of organs
• retains space filling function even during reduces caloric intake

• thermogenic
• neonates & hibernating animals

intake meets estimated need of half people in age group

max intake judged not likely to pose health risk in health people in population

• birth-115 kcal/kg
• 1 year- 105
• 1-10: 80
• adolescents: boys-45, girls 38
• pregnancy- +300/day
• lactating- +500/day

• leucine
• isoleucine
• methionine
• phenylalanine
• threonine
• tryptophan
• valine
• lysine
• histidine

• nitrogen excterion indicator of protein intake
• + balance: more consumed than excreted; growth, pregnancy, healing after injury
• - balance: more excreted than consumed; fever, illness, infection, trauma, burns

• solid at room temperature
• animal sources, coconut & palm oils
• elevate cholesterol

• lower cholesterol
• plant sources
• liquid at room temp

• energy
• function as carriers for fat soluable vitamins
• precursore of prostaglandins
• source of fatty acids

• 50-100 g/day
• prevent ketoacidosis from protein break-down

• organic compounds act as catalysts
• must cause disease if deficient to be vitamin
• part of enzyme systems required for: release of energy from protein, fat & carb, formation of RBC, hormone, genetic materials, nervous system

• regulated in hypothalmus
• ghrelin released from stomach & sm intestine stimulate hypothalmus for hunger
• stretch receptors, leptin from fat cells, GLP-1, insulin, & CCK are GI hormones that suppress further feeding

• rapid feedback that signals satiety before digestion
• stretch receptors in stomach (vagus nerve), oral receptors & gi hormones

• amount of nutrients in blood & storage sites
• < glucose causes hunger
• > ketoacids decrease appetite
• stimulation of leptin receptors in hypothalmus < appetite & > metabolic rate

weight (kg)/height(m²)

• underweight <18.5
• normal 18.5-24.9
• overweight 25-29.9
• obese I 30-34.9
• obese II 35-39.9
• extreme obese III >40

• produced hormones
• leptin- mediator of weight; signal to hypothalmus; defiency causes hyperphagia, impaired thermogenesis, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia
• resistin- regulates sensitivity of insulin

• chronic inflammatory response- abnormal cytokine production, increase acute-phase reactants (CRP), activation of pro-inflammatory signal pathways
• obesity related insulin resistance
• atherosclerotic CV disease- endothelial dysfunction, lipid increase, htn, vascular inflammation

• intra-abdominal
• more lipid active than sub-q
• > potential to alter liver metabolism
• produce more adipokines (TNF)

risk of diabetes, MI, stroke due to: dyslipedemia, HTN, insulin resistance, high glucose, inflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction, prothrombotic state

• BMI above 95% for age & sex
• overweight- 85-95%

depletion of body's lean tissues (skeletal muscle tissue [somatic], viscera [organs], blood & immune cells)

• protein/calorie def
• loss of muscle mass
• growth failure
• loss of sub-q fat
• depressed hr, bp, temp

• protein def.
• hypoalbuminemia- edema
• discolored hair- sandy or red w/ linear depigmentation
• normal sub-q fat