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syntactic categories/grammatical categories/parts of speech
relatively small number of syntactically relevant categories in which subsets of words are organized
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anti-universality
linguistic notions (categories, relations, and constructions) are not universal
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open categories
new members constantly added
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closed categories
membership is more or less fixed
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determiners
provide information about definiteness and specficity
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degree words
express gradation (e.g. too, quite, more, very, etc.)
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auxiliary verbs
have minimal semantic content but fulfill important grammatical functions, e.g. express contrasts involving tense (past, present, future), aspect (completed, ongoing), and modality (possiblity, probability, obligation)
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grammatical auxiliaries
carry information about tense and aspect (e.g. do, be, and have)
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modal auxiliaries
denote notions relating to possibility, probability, permission, obligation, etc.
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distributional properties
reflect type of elements with which word can occur
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noun
- co-occurence with determiners
- individuals and objects (entities)
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verb
- co-occurence with markers of tense (past, non-past, future) and aspect (completed, ongoing, repetitive, etc.)
- actions and processes (events)
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adjective
- co-occurence with degree words
- properties (attributes)
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