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What are genes?
Long molecules of DNA
Double Helix structure
Located on chromosomes
46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
Pairs 1 – 22 = body and brain development
Pair 23 = gender
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What is geno/pheno type?
Geno: genetic composition of a person.
Pheno: Observable characteristic of a person which can change over time.
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What does the CNS (central nervous system) contain?
1) brain
2) spinal cord
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What is the CNS responsible for?
Processing info. from our sensory organs such as eyes and ears and prompting our bodies into action.
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What is the PNS (peripheral nervous system)?
-Helps control muscles and voluntary movement.
-Regulates cardovascular and endocrine systems.
-Assists w/ digestion
-Regulates body temp.
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What are the nervous systems composed of?
Billions of neurons.
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What are the four major components of a neuron?
- 1) cell body
- 2) dendrites
- 3) one or more axons
- 5) terminal buttons
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Define serotonin.
- Processing of information; regulation of mood,
- behavior, and thought processes.
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Define Norepinephrine.
Regulation of arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep.
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Define Dopamine.
Influences novelty-seeking, sociability, pleasure,
motivation, coordinaiton, and motor movement.
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Define Gamma Aminobutyric
Acid (GABA).
- Regulation of mood, especially anxiety,
- arousal, and behavior.
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Define Acetylcholine
- Important in motor behavior, arousal, reward,
- attention, learning, and behavior.
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Define Glutamate.
Influences learning, memory.
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What is the Psychodynamic Model?
focuses on internal mental structures.
-Assumes mental states, emotions, and behaviors arise from motives & conflicts within a person.
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What are some basic principles of the Psychodynamic Model?
-childhood experiences shape adulthood personality.
-causes & purposes of human behavior are not always obvious but partly unconsious.
-people use defense mechanisms to control axiety or stress.
-Everything we do has meaning and purpose and is goal-directed.
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The Psychodynamic Model is rooted by to whom?
The Biological Model is rooted back to whom?
Humanistic?
Behavioral Perspective?
Sigmund Freud
Emil Kraeplin
Abraham Maslow
Ivan Pavlov
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Define defense mechanism.
Strategies used to cope with stress or conflicts w/ others.
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According to psychodynamic theorists, what is the structure of the mind composed of?
-id, ego, superego.
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Explain the term "id" and its purpose.
the portion of the personality that is present at birth.
-Its purpose is to seek immediate gratification and discharge tension asap.
-Uses primary process
Ex: hedonists, babies who cry due to impatience.
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Explain the "ego" and its purpose.
An organized, rational system that uses higher order thinknig processes to obtain gratification.
-Operates along the reality principle, or need to delay gratification of impuleses to meet environmental demands.
- -Uses secondary process
- -The "hallmark" of mental health.
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Explain "superego" and its purpose.
- Develops in early childhood and represents societal deals & values conveyed by parents thru rewards & punishments (right & wrong)
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What are the two principles of the "behavioral perspective?" Define them.
(Combined to form the cognitive-behavioral model)
1) Classical conditioning: learning by association.
2) Operant Conditioning: behavior followed by positive or pleasurable consequences will likely be repeated.
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