Medterms Ch5

Chemicals-->Cells-->Tissues-->Organs-->Body systems-->Organism

the cell

• 1. epithelial (covering)
• 2. connective (supporting and protecting)
• 3. muscular (contracting)
• 4. nervous (conducting impulses) tissues

body

formation

bad

without

below normal

above normal

abnormal development of tissues; recognized by cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance.

lack of development of an organ or tissue

• -hypo= less severe than aplasia
• -hyper= abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in tissue

increase in size of organ caused by an increase in the size of the cells

change in structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversal to a more primitive form, is characteristic of malignancy.

makes movements possible

provides protection, form, and shape for body; stores minerals and forms some blood cells

delivers oxygen, nutrients, and vital substances throughout the body; transports cellular waste products to the lungs and kidneys for excretion

helps maintain the internal fluid environment; produces some types of blood cells; regulates immunity

brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide and some water waste

provides the body with water, nutrients, and minerals; removes solid wastes

filters blood to remove wastes of cellular metabolism; maintains the electrolyte and fluid balance

facilitates procreation (producing offspring)

provides external covering for protection; regulates the body temperature and water content

coordinates the reception of stimuli; transmits messages to stimulate movement

secretes hormones and helps regulate body activities

constant internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body

• frontal plane (coronal plane) - divides front/back
• transverse plane- divides upper/lower parts
• sagittal plane- divides left/right
• midsagittal plane- divides into 2 equal halves

nearer to or toward front; ventral

nearer or toward the back; dorsal; situated behind

toward the side; denoating a position farther from the midline of body or from a structure

middle or nearer the middle

across

belly side; same as anterior surface in humans

directed toward or situated on the back side; same as posterior surface in humans

uppermost or above

lowermost or below

nearer the origin or point of attachment

far or distant from the origin or point of attachment

toward the head

toward the tail or in an inferior direction in humans

situated toward the back and the inner side

located in front and toward the middle

situated toward the back and outer side

situated in the middle of the back

pertaining to the back and the side

pertaining to a position behind and to the side

pertaining to the front and one side

pertaining to the middle and one side

indicates a position in front and above

indicates a position behind and above

situated in the middle of the underside

front to back

back to front

pertains to the back and belly

opposite of proximal; far or distant; away from origin or point of attachment

• distant
• telecardiogram - machine distant from patient tracing electrical impulses of heart

position of person lying face (head) down and lying on the back

palm of hand turned down

palm of hand turned up

• dorsal (located near posterior part of body)
• ventral (located near anterior part of body)

• cranial
• spinal

large organs contained in the ventral cavity

• thoracic
• abdominopelvic

dome-shaped partition that fns in respiration; divides thoracic and abdominopelvic

serous membrane; lines abdominopelvic cavity and enfolds internal organs; secretes lubricating fluid allowing organs to glide against one another or against cavity wall

sticking together of two structures that are normal separated

abdomen

extremities (arms and legs)

eyelid

cyst, bladder, or sac

digit (toes, fingers, or both)

abdominal wall

umbilicus (navel)

nail

pelvis

peritoneum

body

chest (thorax)

surgical puncture

inflammation

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

four

beside

femur (thigh bone)

groin

sperm

measurement

temperature

condition

condition

inflammed condition of the navel

rupture of the navel

umbilical hemmorrhage

congential herniation of the navel

measurement of dimensions of the head

pain in the head or headache

paralysis of one or both eyelids

study of fingerprints

cramping of a finger or toe

pertaining to the hands and feet

one that bites nails

disease of the nails

disease of the nails caused by fungus

declawing of an animal

60%

fluid balance is maintained through intake and output of water

secrete

tear, tearing, crying

condition of the blood

blood

sweat or perspiration

water

hymph (sometimes refers to lympatics)

mucus

production

substance that causes production

pus

saliva (sometimes refers to salivary glands)

urine (sometimes urinary tract)

• tear gland
• produces fluid that keeps eyes moist
• crying; "tearing"

crying; discharge of tears

inflammation of the eye

stones or concretions

• lacrimal stone or calculus
• aka "tear stones"

• tear sac
• collects lacrimal fluid

• pertaining to salivary gland or saliva
• ex. sialolith: salivary calculus

x-ray of the ducts of the salivary glands

inside and outside

• secrete
• ex. exocrine glands have ducts that carry secretions to epithelial surface

• ductless
• secrete their hormones into bloodstream
• ex: sex glands, thyroid and adrenal glands

sweat glands

• formation and excretion of sweat
• --> diaphoresis = excessive sweating

tumor of sweat gland

• without urine
• production of less than 100mL of urine in 24 hours constitutes anuria

excessive urination

blood in the urine

transparent fluid found in lymphatic vessels

• pertaining to mucus
• secreting, producing, containing or covered with mucus

mucous membrane

pus

pus in the urine

localized collection of pus in a cavity surrounded by healthy tissue

brain and spine

condition; abnormal accumulation of CSF

pertaining to the nervous system

produced by

coagulation

cell

red

blood

white

clot (thrombus)

cell

increased; abormal (when describing cell)

deficiency

production

• plasma: water, solutes
• middle: leukocytes and thrombcytes (platelets)
• bottom: erythrocytes

localized collection of blood (usually clotted) in an organ, tissue or space due to break in wall of blood vessel

destruction of RBCs

destruction

substance that delays or prevents blood from clotting

formation of internal blood clots

red cell count

white cell count

complete blood count- RBC, WBC and indifferential WBC count exams

small structures in the blood important for blood clotting.

blood platelets

reduction in number of blood platelets

contain hemoglobin

condition in which the number of RBCs or concentration of hemoglobin (or both) is decreased

paleness

major fn: body defense

ingest and destroy particulate substances (bacteria, protozoa, cells and cell debris)

abnormal decrease in total number of WBCs

abnormal increase in total number of WBCs

• progressive, malignant disease of blood-forming organs
• characterized by increase number of leukocytes and presence of immature forms of leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow

• formation and development of blood cells
• takes place in bone marrow

• hormone produced in kidneys and released into blood stream
• causes production of RBCs

• RBC
• ex: erythrocytosis - condition
• ex: erythrocytopenia - deficiency

• WBC
• ex: leukocytosis - condition
• ex: leukopenia - deficiency

• platelet (blood platelet)
• ex: thrombocytosis - condition
• ex: thrombopenia - deficiency

being vulnerable to a disease or disorder

the body's natural ability to counteract microorganisms or toxins

nonspecific resistance (directed against all pathogens)

• inflammation
• a protective response of body tissue that increases circulation to an area after irritation or injury.

ingestion and destruction of microorganisms

cell-produced protein that protects the cells from viral infection

protein that promotes inflammation, phagocytosis and causes bacterial cells to rupture

selective or specific resistance (directed against particular pathogens)

body's ability to counteract the effects of infectious organisms

any substance that the body regards as foreign

disease-fighting protein produced by immune system in response to presence of specific antigen

process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced or augmented

B cells and T cells

• active
• passive

recognition of specific antigens in both active and passive immunity

administration of antigenic material to induce immunity

immune response weakened by disease or immunosuppressive agent

• radiation
• certain drugs

• caused by defect in immune system
• characterized by susceptibility to infections and chronic diseases

excessive reaction to an antigen

conditions in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to common, harmless substances, most of which are found in environment.

life-threatening hypersensitivity rxns to previously encountered antigen

protection

• cocci
• bacilli
• spirilla

• bacteria
• fungi
• protozoa
• viruses

• favorable for recovery
• not having a tendency to spread

tending to grow worst, to spread and possible become life threatening

spreading from one part of the body to another part

spread to sites away from where they originate

the use of pathogenic biological agents to cause terror in a population

weapons of mass destruction

Federal Emergency Management Agency

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

• biological
• nuclear
• incendiary (flammable substances to ignite fires)
• chemical
• explosive