which law states that members of one pair or genes segregate independently of other pairs?
Mendel's 2nd Law
When a red flower crossed with a white flower produces a pink flower, which of the following is demonstrated?
D)
Mitosis functions to
B)
The cell cycle refers to
D)
The term semiconservative refers to _______________.
C)
Translation occurs in the ________________.
C)
If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence CTTTAT what will the RNA codons be when transcribed?
B)
Where would you find an anticodon?
C)
Proteins which serve as "spools" to help organize chromatin are called
C)
The type of bond between the A-T and G-C pairs is
A)
The letters A, G, T, and C represent
C)
What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
chromatin, chromosomes, chromatids
Fine filament material called _____ occur as 46 long filaments called _____. Each ___ then contains 2 parellle filaments called _______.
chromatin, chromosomes, chromatids
what governs the pattern of base pairing in DNA?
single ringed pyrimidine with a large double ringed purine gives the DNA molecule its uniform withd.
Adenine and ____ form 2 H bonds.
Thymine
guanine and _________ form 3 H bonds
cytocine
A-T, and C-G are called:
Base pairs
An info containing segment of DNA that codes for production of RNA and plays a role in the synthesis for one or more proteins is called
Gene
A system that enables 4 nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins is called:
genetic Code
The synthesis of protein from an mRNA molecule is called __________ and occurs in the __________.
A.
A 3-base sequence of mRNA that codes for an amino acid is called:
A.
In which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
E.
Which of the follwing is a characteristic of meiosis?
c. none of the above
C.
In __________ of mitosis, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.
C.
The exchange of genetic material between two chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis is called:
B.
Different forms of the same gene that may produce an alternate form of the same trait are called:
B.
In a heterozygote, the allele that is completely masked in the phenotype is the:
D.
If Marge is homozygous dominant for blue hair and Homer is homozygous recessive for black hair, what is the probability that together they will have a blue-haired child?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
e. 75%
f. 100
f
Ned has type O blood and his wife Mod is blood type AB. What is the probability that their next child will be type O?
B.
Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait. If Kurt Van Houten is colorblind and Luane Van Houten has normal vision (and is not a carrier), what is the probability that their son Millhouse is colorblind?
B.
The ____ occurs as 23 pairs of (46) chromosomes that appear on the karyotype chart.
human genom
1 of the 23 pairs on the human genome is a ___ chromosome.
sex
the genetic code is expressed in terms of:
codons
Put the following in the correct order:
A.
a
b
d
c
f
e
During transcription the RNA ____ binds to the DNA and assembles the RNA.
polymerase
the RNA polymerase opens the DNA ____ about 17 base pairs at a time
helix
the _____ are found in the cytostol, and 2 subunits come together while translating mRNA
ribosomes
the role of _____ during translation is to bind free amino acids in the cytostol, deliver it to the ribosomes, and add it to a growing protein chain.
tRNA
what is the differenct between geneitc transcripiton and translation?
transcription occurs in the nucleus; goes from DNA to mRNA while translation occurs in the cytoplasm and goes from mRNA to protein.
During DNA replication, on one strand of the uncoiled double helix the DNA ____ moves toward the replication fork and makes a long continueous strand of DNA.
polymerase
During DNA replicaton, on the other strand of the uncoiled double helix another DNA ____ moves AWAY from the replication fork replicating the DNA in short segments with gaps between them.
polymerase
Contrast the functions of DNA polymerase to RNA polymerase:
DNA ploymerase moves along the strand with seperate polymerase molecules proceeding in opposite directions with one on each strand. while RNA polymerase move along the RNA 17 base pairs at a time, rewinding the double helix behind it , and another polymerase follows behind it.
Explain why DNA replication is called semiconservative.
Each daughter DNA consists of one new helix synthesized from free nucleotides and one old helix is conserved from the parental DNA
List the stages of the cell cycle and summarize what happens at each stage:
G1 : cell synthesizes proteins, grows, carries out normal metabolic roles
S phase: makes dupilicate copy of centirols and nucleuar DNA
G2: finishes synthesizing enzymes, checks DNA replication, repairs errors
Interphase: G1, S, G2
List the stages of mitosis and the main processess that occur in eacch one:
prophase: 46 chromosomes, 2 chromotides per chromosome. centriols being to sprout spindle fibers nuclear envelope breaks down, centriols migrage toward opposite poles
metaphase: chromosomes align along the midline of the cell, aster anchors fibers to the plasma membrane of the cell
telophase: chromatides decondenses, new nuclear envelop appreas, new nucleoi in each nucleus
List the stages of mieosis and the main processes that occur in each one:
prophase 1: homologous chromosomes line up side by side to form a tetrad(4 chromatids), exchange segments of DNA in a process called crossing over
metaphase 1: chromosomes line up at the midline of the cell
anaphase 1: separate * centromeres do not divide*
telophase 1: cell divides in two and chromatids do not separate, each homolgous chromosome is still double stranded, each daughter has only 23 chromosomes
meiosis 2 is just like mitosis
the production of eggs or sperm is called:
gametogenesis
the production of a fertilizable egg cell through a serise of mitotic and meiotic cell divisioins is called:
oogenesis
the production of sperm cells through a series of mitotic and meiotic cell divisions is called
spermatogenesis
which of the following is a pyridadine in DNA?
A. cytosine
which of the following organelles fucntion in the production of proteins?
D. ribosome
which organ is used to maintain the internal structure of a cell?
B. cytoskeleton
what are the 4 bases in DNA?
AGCT
what are the 4 bases in RNA?
AGCU
why must DNA be transcribed to mRNA before leaving the nucleus?
DNA is too large
put the following in the correct order:
ribosome dissociated into its two subunits (when translatation of entire mRNA is commplet)
the tRNA anitcondon bids to the complementray mRNA condon, formina a new amino acid
mRNA leaves nucleus of teh cell to carry its instruction for proteins synthesis into the cytoplasm.
ribosomal subunits rejoin to repeat to process with more mRNA
the ribsome links the growing protein chain to the newly formed amino acid
the tRNA picks up a few amino acid (anitcodon). this process uses 1 atp
DNA is unzipped in sections and made into mRNA
tRNA s released from the ribosome and free to pick up new amino acids to repeat the process again and again
a ribosome binds to the mRNA
DNA is unzipped in sections and made into mRNA
mRNA leaves the nucleus of the cell to carry its instructions for protein synthesis into the cytoplasm
a ribosome binds to the mRNA
the tRNA picks up a free amino acid (anitcodon). this procss uses 1 atp
the tRNA anticodon binds to the complementary mRNA codon, formina a new amino acid
the ribosome links the growng protein chain to the newly formed amino acid
tRNA is relased from the ribosome and free to pick up new amino acids to repeat the process again and again
ribosome dissociates into its two subunits (when translation of entire mRNA is comlete)
ribosomal subunts rejoin to repeat the process with more mRNA
DNA(in nucleus) --> mRNA (in cytoplasm) --> protein (used throughout the body)
cell type that uses mitosis:
number of times DNA replicates in mitosis:
number of cell divisions in mitosis:
number of chromsomes/chromatids after each cell divison in mitosis:
number of cells produced in mitosis:
haploid (n) or diploid (2n):
gentically identical or different from parent:
cell type that uses mitosis: somato cells
number of times DNA replicates in mitosis: 1
number of cell divisions in mitosis: 1
number of chromsomes/chromatids after each cell divison in mitosis: 46/2 to 46/1
number of cells produced in mitosis: 2
haploid (n) or diploid (2n): diploid
gentically identical or different from parent: identical
cell type that uses meiosis:
number of times DNA replicates in meiosis:
number of cell divisions in meiosis:
number of chromsomes/chromatids after each cell divison in meisos:
number of cells produced in meisos:
haploid (n) or diploid (2n):
gentically identical or different from parent:
cell type that uses meiosis: germ cells
number of times DNA replicates in meiosis: 1
number of cell divisions in meiosis: 2
number of chromsomes/chromatids after each cell divison in meisos: 46/2 to 23/2
number of cells produced in meisos: 4 different
haploid (n) or diploid (2n): haploid
gentically identical or different from parent: different
a base tripet is found on the ______ and matches up with a codon found on the _____.
DNA
mRNA
transcription is the synthesis of _____ from ___.
mRNA
DNA
translation is the synthesis of _____ from ____.
RNA
protein
does mitosis result in diploid or haploid cells?
diploid
Describe the sates of mitosis:
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase.cyotkineisis
telophase: chormotides are at opposite ends, envelope reappears
cytokinesis: cytoplasm splits
translation occurs in the:
C. cytoplasm
the haploid number of chromsomes in humans is:
B. 23
The observable physiclal and physicological traits of an organism are called the:
C. phenotype
what is the probability of making a gamete with AbcDE from the following AABbCcDDEe?
D. 1/8
which of the following is true for meiosis?
C. produces haploid cells
in a heterozygote, the allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype is the:
B. dominate allele
the divison of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells is:
B. cytokinesis
mr. x and mrs. x decied its time to have children. he is color blind ( a sex linked trait) and while she can distinguish among the colors of the rainbow, her father was colorblind. if these two have a boy, what is the probablility the boy will be color blind?
