Anatomy and Physiology

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

concerns the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

• the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
• ex: heart, lungs, and kidneys

• all the structures in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time
• ex: abdomen or leg

• body structure is studied system by system
• ex: cardiovascular system, examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body

• the study of internal structures as they related to the overlying skin surface
• ex: the bulging muscles beneath a bodybuilder's skin, locating blood vessels to feel pulses and draw blood

• deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
• subdivision: cytology and histology

considers the cells of the body

the study of tissues

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

studies structural changes caused by disease

studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

feeling organs with your hands

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

concerns kidney function and urine production

explains the workings of the nervous system

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

atoms combine to form molecules

cells are made up of molecules

tissues consist of similar types of cells

organs are made up of different types of tissues

• organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
• ex: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nercous, endocrine, lymphatic, resiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

the human organism is made up of many organ systems

every living organism has its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it

• the activites promoted by the muscular system
• ex: propelling oneself from one place to another by running

the ability to sense changes (which serve as a stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them

the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells

the break down of substances into their simpler building blocks

synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances

using nutrients and oxygen to preoduce ATP

the process of removing wastes from the body

• occurs at the cellular and the organismal level:
• cellular- the original cell divides by producing daughter cells that may be used for body growth or repair
• organismal- making a whole new person from the sperm uniting with an egg

an increase in size of a body part or the organism

taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building

the chemical reactions that release energy from foods are oxidative reactions that require oxygen

accounts fro 60-80% of our body weight, provides the watery environment necessary for chemical reactions and fluid base for body secretions and excretions

must be maintained or death may occur, if drops below 37^oC means metabolic reactions become slower and slower & if it's too high the reactions occur at a frantic pace and body proteins lose their shape and stop functioning

is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body, breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure

the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

the factor or event being regulated

the first component is some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes

determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained

the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity

the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accerlerated

homeostasis is so important that most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance,