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What causes increased preload?
AV-fistula, aortic regurg, mitral regurg
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COncentric hypertrophy of LV occurs when?
HTN
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Cor pulmonale?
RVH due to pulmonary hypertension, or pulmonary vascular disease or lung disease (COPD)
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Pre-renal azotemia occurs under what Cardiac condition?
Congestive Heart Failure
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Box car nuclei are present in what?
hypertrophic heart cells
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Kerley's B lines because of pulmonary edema secondary to CHF is seen where in the lung?
costophrenic angle
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What happens to BUN and creatinine in prerenal azotemia?
increased so the ration is >20
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What happens to BUN and creatining in renal azotemia?
decreased BUN so the ration < or = 15
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Hepatojugular reflex is present in what cardiac condition?
Right Sided heart failure
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Prerenal azotemia can occur under what cardiac condition?
Left sided, right side or congestive heart failure
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What is the time frame for sudden cardiac death?
within 1 hour from the onset of chest pain
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What is the cause of sudden cardiac death?
ischemia leads to arrythmias----usually V-fib
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atherosclerotic caused Coronary Artery Disease leading to what?
myocardial infarct---sudden cardiac death
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Ischemic heart disease is caused by what?
Coronary atherosclerosis
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What is the most common presentation of occlusive CAD?
angina pectoris-75% of the lumen is obstructed
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Vasospasm causin ischemia to the heart is called what?
Prinzmetal angina
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Angina and Subendocardial infarcts present with what type of EKG pattern?
ST depression
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In term of the ST segment on an EKG, what is the difference between angina and Pinzmetal angina?
- Angina Prinzmetal angina
- st depression st elevation
- sub-endocardial ischemia transmural ischemia
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Eccentric stenosis of a coronary bv causing ischemia to the heart is called what angina?
unstable
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Mi
cardiac necrosis due to ischemia
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What is the cause of MI?
coronary atherosclerosis with plaque rupture and superimposed thrombus
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What is the cause of a Subendocardial infarct/.
Transmural infarct?
low perfusing pressue as in a hypovolemia..endocardium located deep from the coronary doesnt get enough oxygen
Occlusive thrombus blocking nutrients to heart--transmural infarct
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Measuring of what cardiac enzymes can detect and re-infarct?
CK-MB
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Tripheny Tetrazolium chloride stains for what?
LDH--in an infarct-- necrotic areas are pale
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Mural thrombi post MI can form when?
1st week
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What sites of the cardiac muscle can undergo rupture post mi?
- ventricle free wall
- IV septum
- Chordae tendiane--papillary muscle--mitral insufficiency
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What enzyme would indicate a re-infarct?
CK-MB 3 days after
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What is Dressler Syndrome?
autoimmune fibrinous pericarditis several weeks post MI
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Aschoff bodies are found in what condition?
Rheumatic Fever
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What are the heart effeects of RF?
Myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis--pancarditis
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MacCallum plaques?
left atrial endocardial thickening
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Myxomatous degeneration is responsible for what valve abnormality?
Mitral Valve Prolapse
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2 causes of aortic stenosis?>
- age related dystrophic calcification
- bicuspid aortic stenosis
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Complications of Aortic stenosis?
- angina
- microangiopathic anemia
- syncope
- CHF
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Liebman sack endocarditis is different from other endocarditis how?
vegetation present on both side of the valve
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Collagen Vascular diseases produce what type of vegetations on heart valves?
veroccous--present on both sides of the valve
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What are cachetic endocarditis?
products of cancers, thrombi vegetate valves
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What organism causes vegetation on prothetic heart valves?
coagulase negative staph. epidermidis
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3 types of cardiomyopathy?
- Dilated
- Hypertrophic
- Restrictive
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2 drugs that cause Dilated cardiomyopathy?
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causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
- pregnancy
- hemochromatosis
- coxackie A
- chagas
- wet beri beri
- cocaine
- etoh
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DIlated heart has what kind of dysfunction? systolic or diastolic?
systolic--unable to pump
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cause of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
beta myosin heavy chain
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Endocardial fibroelastosis results in what that causes restrictive cardiomyopathy?
thick fibroelastic tissue in the endocardium
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Loefflers endomyocarditis?
fibrosis +eosinophilia
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What conditions can cause Restrictive cardiomyopathy?
hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, pompes
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2 causes of Tricuspid stenosis/regurg?
- staph aureus with IV drug abuses
- Carcinoid syndrome
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Causes of myocarditis?
- coxackie
- echo virus
- chagas dz
- RF
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Autoimmune dz associated with myocarditis?
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Cardiac myxoma has what origin?
Where does it normally occur?
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Cardiac rhabdomyoma occurs as apart of what syndrome?
Tuberous Sclerosis
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What valve abnormality has fish mouth appearance?
mitral stenosis
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Viral myocarditis results in what?
CHF
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