Anatomy 2 Test 1

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based
hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.

________ release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

_____ is inhibited by Alcohol

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
A) a change in membrane potential
B) an increase in enzymatic activity
C) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
D) direct control of the nervous system

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
A) nothing: all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
D) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the________.

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
A) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
B) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
C) not responding to a feedback mechanism
D) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.
A) peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers
B) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
C) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
D) hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.
A) epinephrine
B) angiotensinogen
C) estrogen
D) renin

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
A) the blood vessels
B) the liver
C) bones and skeletal muscles
D) the adrenal glands

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing Atrial
Natriuretic peptide?
A) the spleen
B) the skin
C) the heart
D) the kidney

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.
A) replace mucus in the alveoli
B) secrete surfactant
C) trap dust and other debris
D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
A) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.
B) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
C) less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
D) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?
A) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface
tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
B) the expansion of respiratory muscles
that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall
C) the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
A) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
B) surface tension of water
C) cartilage rings
D) surfactant

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
A) pressure within the pleural cavity
B) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
C) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
D) negative pressure in the intrapleural space

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
A) partial pressure gradient
B) the temperature
C) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
D) solubility in water

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
A) medulla and pons
B) upper spinal cord and medulla
C) pons and midbrain
D) midbrain and medulla

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
A) osmosis
B) filtration
C) diffusion
D) active transport

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
A) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
B) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
C) as carbonic acid in the plasma
D) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
A) as the initiator of the cough reflex
B) as a passageway for air movement
C) warming and humidifying the air
D) cleansing the air

Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation?
A) DPG
B) temperature
C) nitric oxide
D) carbon dioxide