Anatomy and physiology exam1

• -Subatomic particles (protons, electrons, neutrons)
• -atoms (hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc)
• -molecule (water molecule, glucose molecule, etc)
• -macromlecule (Protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc)
• -organelle (mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, nucleus...)
• -cell (Muscle cell, nerve cell, etc)
• -tissue (simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue)
• -organ (skin, heart, kidney)
• -organ system (skeletal system, digestive system)
• -organism (human)

Branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts.

the study of body functions.

passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids.

movements of substances in body fluids.

Changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms.

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.

Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion.

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure.

The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment. It is so important that it requires most of our metabolic energy.

• 1) receptors- stimuli
• 2) a control center- body temp at 98.6 degrees F
• 3) Effectors- muscles or glands

• Axial portion and appendicular portion.
• -cranial cavity
• -vertebral canal
• -Thoracic cavity
• -abdominopelvic cavity
• -oral cavity
• -nasal cavity
• -orbital cavities
• -middle ear cavities

integumetary system, skeletal system, muscular sstem, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, and reproductive system.

includes skin and accessory organs such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceaus glands. It protects underlying tissues, regulates body temp, houses sensory receptors.

Bones, ligaments, and cartilages that bind bones at joints. Framework, protection, attachment for muscles. tissues in bones produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.

muscles. provide movement, maintain posture, body heat

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. Control and adjust various organ functions. nerves send signals.

All glands that secrete chemical messengers (hormones). organs include: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, etc). Hormones alter metabolism of target cells.

heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and blood. Transports substances in internal environment.

lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. Transports some fluid from spaces in tissues back to blood stream and carries certain fatty substances away from digestive organs.

Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine. receives foods and breaks down food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed into internal environment.

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Take air in and out and exchange gasses between blood and air.

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. removes wastes, maintains water and electrolyte balance, store and transport urine.

• -Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis. Produce and maintain sperm and transfer to female.
• - Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva. Produce and maintain female sex cells, receives sperm, anything to do with baby creation.

branch of science dealing with the chemistry of living organisms.

the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element.

The number of protons in an atom of an element.

A positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus.

an electrically neutral subatomic particle.

a small negatively charged particle that encircles the nucleus of an atom.

The number of protons plus number of neutrons in an atom.

an atom that has different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.

An atom or molecule with an electrical charge.

a chemical substance with only one type of atom.

a particle composed of two or more joined atoms.

a substance composed of two or more chemically bonded elements.

the abbreviation for the number of atoms of each element in a compound.

a number equal to the sum of atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule.

chemical bond formed between two ions by transfer of electrons.

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an atom of oxygen or nitrogen.

a chemical bond formed by electron sharing between atoms.

• -Decomposition- breakdown of molecules.
• -Synthesis- Building large molecules from bonding smaller ones.
• -Reactants- a chemical that takes part in a chemical reaction. a starting material.
• -Products- result of a chemical reaction.

a substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen atoms. has a pH below 7

a substance that ionizes in water, releasing hydroxide ions or other ions that combine with hydrogen ions. has pH above 7.

7.35-7.45

a blood pH of 7.5-7.8

a blood pH of 7.0-7.3

• organic- compounds have carbon and hydrogen.
• inorganic- any other chemicals. does not have carbon or hydrogen.

• 1) oxygen gas enters the internal environment through respiratory organs.
• 2) transported throughout body via blood
• 3) in cells, organelles use odygen to release energy from nutrient molecules.
• 4) energy then drives the cell's metabolic activity.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

provides much of the energy that cells require and supply marterials to build certain cell structures. includes carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. ex. sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides)

group of organic chemicals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. vital for cells. fats supply energy for cell activity. ex. fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

structural material, energy sources, and chemical messengers. vital for metabolism. building blocks= amino acids.

carry the instructions that control a cell's activity by encoding the amino acid sequences of protein. 2 types= RNA and DNA. ex. include atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

• 1) Primary structure- amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain.
• 2) Secondary structure- polypeptide chain either forms a spring like coil or folds back and forth on itself or folds into other shapes.
• 3) Tertiary structure- pleated and coiled polypeptide chain of a protein molecule folds into a unique 3D structure.
• 4) Quaternary structure- 2 or more polypeptide chains may be connected to form a single protein molecule.

20 types of amino acids comprise proteins in organisms.

Prokaryotic cells: bacterial, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, divide by binary fission.

Eukaryotes: Animal (plants, etc), have nucleus, contain organelles, divide by mitosis.

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

innermost and enclosed by a thin membrane. contains genetic material (DNA), which directs cell function.

composed of specialized structures called cytoplasmic organelles suspended in a liquid (cytosol). Organelles divide the labor in a cell by partitioning off certain areas or providing functions.

outermost limit of a cell. Metabolic reactions take place on surface and harbors molecules that enable cells to communicate and interact.