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statistics
to collect, organize, analyze data
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individuals
people or objects included in a study
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variable
a characteristic to be studied (age, weight, gender, nationality, etc.)
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quantative
a value or numerical measurement for operations such as addition or average
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qualitative
characterizes an individual by grouping based on similarities (categorial)
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population data
asking every individual in the population
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sample data
data comes from some of the population (a sample of people)
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nominal level of measurement
applies to data that consists of name, labels, or categories
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ordinal level of measurement
applies to data that may be arranged in order. however, differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless
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interval level of measurement
applies to data that can be arranged in order. differences between data values are meaningful. no starting point and/or no zero
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ratio level
applies to data that can be arranged in order. both differences between data values and ratios of data values are meaningful. data has a true zero
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simple random sample
every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
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simulation
a numerical representation of a real world phenomenon
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stratified sampling
all members of the group (strata) are organized from the population based on characteristics. then a sample is drawn from the group
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systematic sampling
members of the population are sequentially numbered. then, from a starting point, every kth member of the population is included in the sample
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clustered
the entire population is divided into pre-existing segments or clusters (often geographic). clusters are randomly selected and every cluster member is included
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convenience sampling
data are used from population members that are readily available
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census
measurements and observations from an entire population
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sample
measurements or observations from a representative part of the population should be
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observational study
observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change the response or the variable being measured
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experiment
measurement is deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the response or variable being measured
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placebo effect
occurs when a subject receives no treatment but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably
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