Med surge

• Neutrolizes and dilutes inflammatory agents
• Removes necrotic materials
• establishes an environmement for healing and repair
• Inflammation is always present with infection; infection is not always present with inflammation

Heat, Radiation, trauma, Allergens, Infection

• Extent and severity of injury
• reactive capacity of injured person

• Includes the blood
• Arterials vasoconstrict after the release of histamine and other chemicals then vessels dilate(increase blood flow and filtration)

Chemotaxis- migration of WBC along a concentration gradient of chemotactic factors, substance that attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation. It ensures accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes at the focus of injury

• neutrophills
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Eosinophills and basophils

• 1st on site(few)
• Phagocytsize bacteria and other foreign material and damaged cells.
• short life span
• pus is formed by accumulation of dead neutrophilles and digested bacteria
• elevated WBC due to the bone marrow release immature fotms of neutrophils( band) into circulation; shift to the left)

• 2nd on site -assist in phagocytosis
• on entering tissue spaces monocytes tranform into macrophages
• long life span and can multiply

• clean the area befor healing can occur.
• Cells may fuse to form a multi giant cells. Giants cells attempt to phagocyte particales too large macrophages

• later at the cite
• primary role is cell mediated immunity (b cells/t cells/ t helper cells) and humoral immunity (antibodies)

• released in large quantities in allergic reaction .
• Release the chemical that act to control the effects of histamine and serotoni
• Phagocytosis of allergen antibodies and anaphylactic shock

• carry histamine and heparin in their granuales that are released during inflammation
• limited phagocytic capabilities

Redness, Heat, Pain, swelling and loss of function

• Increse WBC (shift to the left, malaise, nausea, fever, Anerexia.
• Increase pulse and respirations (follows the rise in metabolism
• changes due to complement activation and release of cytokines
• Fever trigger cytokines
• CHills (body attempt to increase temp and fever (hypathalmus)

consist of fluids and leukocytes that move from the circulation to the site of injury.

• After cell injury, arterioles in area briefly undergo transiet vasoconstriction
• afyer the release of histamine and other chemicals byt the injured cells, vessels dilate resulting in hyperemia(increase bloos)

• results in hyperemia
• increased blood flow in the area
• raises filtration pressure

• endothelial cell retraction
• increased capillary permeability
• Movement of fluid from capillaries into tissue spaces

• inititally composed of serous fluid (blood/fluid)
• later contains plasma proteins, primarily albumin(protein exert oncotic pressure that furthers draws fluid from blood vessels; tissues become edenatous)

• Histamine
• serotonin
• Kinin
• complement system(major mediator of inflammation)
• Prostoglandin(cellular response
• leukocytes- ensures accumulation of neutrophils and monocytte at the focus of injury.
• cytokines

enhanced phagocytosis, increase vascular permeability, chemataxis and cellular lysis

• (can be synthesized from phosopholipis of cell membranes of most body tissues include blood cells
• proinflammatory contributing to increased blood flows, edema and pain

• NSiads( inhibits Prostogladis)
• Asprin(work as a blood thinner)
• Corticosteroids- weaken the immune system , blocks infection from showing

• trigger by the release of cytokines. they cause fever by their ability to initiate metabolic changes in the temp-regulating center(hypothalamus)
• Benefits are increase killing of microorganism and increase phagocytosis and profilieration of t cells

• Acute
• Subacute
• Chronic
• (Difference is duration)

doesnt know underlying cause(2-3 wks, neutrophils are predominent)

same features as acute inflammation but last longer

• 6months +
• lyphocyte and macrophages,
• may include changes in immune system

• regeneration
• repair

• replacement of lost cells and tissues with cells of rge same type.
• Stable cells (liver, bone, kidney, pancrease) regenerate in response to injury
• permenant cells (cardiac, neurons, skeletal) do not divide

• healing as a result of lost cells being replaced with connective tissue
• result in scar formation

• wound margins are neatly approximated (paper cut, surgical incisions)
• initial phase(3-5 days) edges of the incision are 1st alligned and surtured in place. Fibrin clots, erythocyted, neutrophils fills the site
• Granulation phase(5days- 3wks)- exudate, capillary sprout
• Maturation phase- 7 days to yearS) scar contraction occurs, collagen fibers are organized and remodelung process occure. pale and avascular

immature cinnective tissue cells that migrate into the healing site and secrete collagen

• wounds that occur from trauma, ulceration and infection
• large amoumy off exudate, extensive tissue lost, wide and irregular wound margin.
• usually when wound opens up it is healed by secondary intention

Granulationtakes place from the edge inward and from the bottom of ound upward until detect is filled

• delayed primary intention
• contaminated wound is left open surtured closed after infection is controlled

• surgical/ nonsurgical
• acute/chronic
• deoth of tissue affected(superficial (epidermis), partail thickness(extends into the dermis) or full thickness(subcuantaous and fascia))
• color of wound (red, yellow, black)

• Nutritional(vit. c (delay collagen fiber formation, protein((decrease tissue rpair, zinc(impair epithialization)
• Inadequate blood supply, corticosteroids, infection, smoking obseity, diabetes, anemia,

• hypertopoc scars and keloid formation
• contracture
• dehiscence
• excess granulation tissue
• adhesion

• inappropiately large red, raise and hard
• keloid- greater protusion of scar tissue that extends beyond the wound edges, may form masses

necessary for healing but become abnormal when there is excessive contraction resulting in deformity or contracture. (wounds near joints/ burned area)

is the seperation adn disruption of previously joined wound. primary site burst open

intestines protrude over the wound

protrude above the surface of the healing wound

bands of scar tissue between or around the organ(abdominal cavity or between lungs)

a localized area(over a boney prominence) of tissue necrosis caused by unrelieved pressure that occulded blood flow to the tissue

• Intensity, duration, ability of tissue to tolerate presure, incidence.
• most common area (heels and sacrum)

pressure exerted on the skin when it adheres to the bed and the skin layers slind in the direction of the body movement (wrinkles in the sheets/moving patient)

2 surfaces rubbing against each other

• 1(minor)- skin is intact
• 2 partial tickness, epidermis, dermis. superficial, blister
• 3-subcutanous
• 4(severe) full thickness, damage to muscles, bone

• 1st head to toe
• 2nd side to side
• 3rd is depth

The risk of ulcers( from 23-0( no risk to very high risk)