-
3 Barriers of the eye:
- Blood retinal
- Blood Aqueous
- Blood Vitreous
-
Tears are composed of:
- Lipids
- Aqueous
- Mucin Mixture
- (=> Tear Film)
-
Which layers are hydrophobic/phillic?
- Epithelial Layer= phobic
- Stroma= philic
- Corneal Endothelium= phobic
-
What variable property of the eye => increased binding
Increased melanin
-
What type of nerves innervate the sphincter smooth m in the anterior chamber?
Parasympathetic
-
Sympathomimetic drugs=>
Dilation (mydriasis)
-
Parasympathomimetic drugs =>
Miosis
-
Opioids =>
Pinpoint pupils
-
What can cause opacity of the lens?
- Age
- Drugs (glucocorticoids)
- Dz (Diabetes M)
-
Where can passage of drugs occur inward or outward via BVs?
Sclera
-
Target for Tx of Glaucoma
NMDA receptor
-
Tx for optical neuritis:
IV Gleucocorticoids
-
Which admin route will => rapid absorption?
- Topical
- Intraocular
- +/-Subconjunctival
-
What are intravitreal injections/devices used to Tx?
-
In General, what pathways/routes do drugs enter systemic circulation?
- Corneal
- Conjunctival/Scleral
- Nasolacrimal
-
What are the 3 types of formulations?
- Solutions
- Suspensions
- Gels/Ointments/Solid Inserts
-
Which formulation=> prolonged time on eye surface?
Gels/Ointments/solid Inserts
-
What determines absorpton after topical admin?
- Time in cul-de-sac/precorneal tear film
- Elimination by Nasolacrimal Drainage
- Binding to tear proteins
- Metab by tear/tissue proteins
- Diffusion across cornea/conjunctiva
-
What pathways allow TOPICAL drugs enter systemic distribution?
- Nasal Mucosal
- Local (Conjunctiva-Cornea)
- Transcorneal:accumulation in aqueous humor
-
Metabolism within the eye occurs by
- Enzymatic biotranformation (Esterases)
- Systemic Biotranformatio (Liver/kidney)
-
Therapeutic Targets of Opthalmic Drugs:
- Infectious
- Non-Infectious (trauma, immune, +P, etc)
- Symptomatic (Pain)
- Diagnostic (Local Anesth, Dyes, etc)
-
Most Bacterial Infections are caused by.... (G+/-)
Dogs:
Cats:
Horses:
Ruminants:
- Dogs: G+
- Cats: G+ & G- RARE
- Horses: G+ & G-
- Cattle: G- & G+
-
infections in dogs are caused by which organisms?
-
infections in cats are caused by which organisms?
- Staph
- Strep
- Myco. Felis
- (Chlamydia felis, rare)
-
infections in horses are caused by which organisms?
- Staph
- Strep Zoo
- Pseudomonas (-)
-
Tx for Conjunctivitis
- Bacitracin
- Chloramphenicol
- Erythromycin
- Gentamycin-amikacin
- Ticarcillin-clavulanate-ampi
- Polymixin B
- Trobramycin
-
Tx for blepharitis (5):
- Bacitracin
- Erythromycin
- Gentamicin-amikacin
- Polymyxin B
- Tobramycin
-
Tx For Keratitis:
- Chloramphenicol
- Fluoroquinolones
- Gentamicin-amikacin
- Polymyxin B
- Tobramycin
-
Which Drugs have ++ distribution?
- Chloramphenicol
- Fluoroquinolones
-
Which can't be used in food animals?
Erythromycin
-
Frist choice for ulcers and conjunctivitis?
BNP
-
Groups of anitfungal opthalmic drugs:
- Polyenes
- Azoles
- Nucleoside Analogs
-
Broad Spectrum antifungals:
- Amphotericin B
- Miconazole
- Itraconazole (+DMSO)
- Flucystosine
-
Focus of glaucoma Tx:
- Decrease production of Aqueous Humor
- Increase Outflow
-
What types of drugs are usde to Tx Glaucoma?
- Topical prostaglandin analogs
- B Adrenergic Antagonists
- Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
- Topical Mydriatics
-
Mechanism of topical prostaglandin analogs in Tx of Glaucoma
Facilitates Outflow via uveoscleral pathway
-
Mechanism of B-Adrenoreceptor anatgonists in Tx of Glaucoma
Regulates aqueous humor production
-
What type of drug is latanoprost?
topical prostaglandin analogs, for glaucoma
-
What type of drug is timolol maleate?
B Adrenoreceptor antagonist
-
Topical Anti-inflammatory drugs
- NSAIDs
- Glucocorticoids
- Antihistamines
- Cyclosporine A
-
Local/Topical Anetsthetics:
- Proparacaine & Tetracaine
- Lidocaine & Bupivicaine (infiltration)
-
Disinfectants used
2% povidone iodine
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