Develop Psych EXAM 1

• Lifelong
• multidimensional
• multidirectional
• plastic
• multidisciplinary
• contextual

views developmental as having six characteristics that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

similar for people in a particular age group

common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the individual's life

• prenatal
• infancy
• early childhood
• middle and late childhood
• adolescence
• early adulthood
• middle adulthood
• late adulthood

a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features

conception to birth, growth that takes place in a 9 month time period

• birth to 18 or 24 months
• dependence upon adults
• beginning of psychological periods

• end of infancy to age 5 or 6
• "preschool years"
• learn to take care of themselves and play with peers

• 6 to 11 years, skills of reading and writing and arithmetic develop
• achievement is the goal
• self-control increases

• 10/12 to 18/21 years
• rapid physical changes
• independence and identity

• early 20's to 30's
• personal and economic dependence
• career development
• selecting a mate and beginning a family

• 40 to 60
• expand personal and economic independence and responsibility
• helping the next generation

• 60/70's to death
• review retirement and adjustment

• first age
• second age
• third age
• fourth age

childhood and adolescence

• prime adulthood
• 20s through 50s

about 60 to 79 years

about 80 years and older

• a U-shaped result
• lowest happiness at 30-40 years
• adults are happier as they age
• more content with what they have, have better relationships, are less pressured to achieve

• chronological age
• biological age
• psychological age
• social age

number of years that have elapsed since birth

person's age in terms of biological health

individual's adaptive capacities compares with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

social roles and expectations related to a person's age

• threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair coming from each parent
• contains DNA

complex molecule that contains genetic information

• units of hereditary information composed of DNA
• Reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life

cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed

specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm

stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell (zygote)

single cell formed through fertilization

person's genetic heritage, the actual genetic material

the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics

• a chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation
• Caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21

a chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, it is XXY instead of XY

a genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, becomes constricted and often breaks

a chromosome disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or the second X chromosome is partially deleted

a chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome

high-frequency sound waves are directed into the woman's abdomen, detect structural abnormalities, number of fetuses, and sex

diagnose fetal malformations, uses powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures

detect genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities, a small sample of the placenta is removed

a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders

identifies pregnancies with elevated risk for birth defects

mainly focused on isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother's blood and analysis of cell-free fatal DNA in maternal plasma

any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes

field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects

the greater of an agent, the greater the effect

type or severity of abnormalities caused by drug is linked to the genotype of the pregnant woman and the genotype of the embryo or fetus

teratogens do more damage when they occur at some points in development than at others

drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods

caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, heroin

a cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy

assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth, evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflect irritability

measure used in the first month of life to assess the newborn's neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects

• "offspring" of the NBAS
• provides an assessment of the newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities

infant that weighs less than 5.5 pounds at birth

those born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation

infants' birth weights are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered

Characteristic of women who have strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that they have trouble coping with daily tasks in the postpartum period

the period after childbirth when the mother adjusts (physically and psychologically) to the process of childbirth, lasts for about six weeks or until her body has completed its adjustment and returned to a new prepregnant state

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal pattern

sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top with physical growth gradually working from tope to bottom

the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

Includes brain swelling and hemorrage

• frontal
• occipital
• temporal
• parietal

involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose

funtion in vision

have an active role in hearing, language, processing, and memory

play important roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control

specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other

Insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon

a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing and suddenly dies without an apparent cause

• Breast fed infants have fewer gastrointestinal infections
• Fewer lower respiratory tract infection
• Fewer allergies
• Protects agains wheezing unclear about asthma
• Less likely to develop middle ear infections
• Lower risk of skin rashes
• Less likely to become obese in childhood adolescents
• Lower risk for type 1 diabetes in childhood and type 2 in adulthood
• Less likely to die from SIDS
• Decrease risk for Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer
• Some evidence suggest small reduction in type 2 diabetes

Development is an active process in which nature and nurture work together as part of an ever-changing system

• Built-in reactions to stimuli
• automatic and inborn

• occurs when infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched
• infant turns his or her head toward the side that was touch
• effort to find something to suck

• reaction to automatically suck an object placed in its mouth
• enables infant to get nourishment
• serves as self-soothing or self-refulating mechanism

• occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement
• arches its back, throws its head back, and flings out arms and legs
• then rapidly closes its arms and legs to the center of the body

response that occurs when something touches the infant's palm

motor skills that involve large-muscle activities

motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements

grasping with the whole hand

grasping with the thumb and forefinger

studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli

decreased responsiveness to stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation

• 20/240
• 2-month old scans more than 1 month old
• spend longer time looking at mother's face than a stranger's face

miniture cliff

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

involved adjusting to new environmental task demands

• schemes
• assimilation
• accommodation

Consists of simple actions that can be performed on objects such as sucking, grasping, looking

• develop in childhood
• Include strategies and plans for solving problems

concept of using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences

adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences

the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system

the mechanism by which children shift

coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors

• simple reflexes
• first habits and primary circular reactions
• secondary circular reactions
• coordination of secondary circular reactions
• tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
• internalization of schemes

• coordination of sensation and two types of schemes: habits and primary circular reactions
• main focus on infant's body

• become more object-oriented
• moving beyond self-preoccupation
• repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results

• coordination of vision and touch
• hand-eye coordination
• coordination of schemes and intentionality

• become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the things they can make happen to objects
• experiment with new behavior

develop the ability to use primitive symbols and form enduring mental representation

understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched

• central feature of cognitive development
• all info that an individual retains over time

• memory without conscious recollection
• involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed

memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state

imitation that occurs after a dely of hours or days

form of communication based on a system of symbols

ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

• sound system of the language
• the sounds that are used and how they may be combined

units of meaning involved in word formation

the ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

meaning of words and sentences

appropriate use of language in different contexts

• emotions that are present in humans and other animals
• emerge early in life

emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me"

rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than main cry, then abrief rest before the next cry

variationg o basic cry with more excess air forced through the vocal cords

a sudden appearance of a long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding

• a smile that does not occur in a response to external stimuli
• happens month after birth, usually during sleep

smile in response to an external stimulus

an infant's fear and wariness of strangers

an infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves

involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and charactertistic ways of responding

• child who is generally in a positive mood
• quickly established regular routines in infancy
• adapts easily to new experiences

• child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently
• engages in irregular daily routines
• slow to accept change

• child has low activity levels
• somewhat negative
• displays a low intensity of mood

refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope

"reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

a close emotional bond between two people

• an observational measure of infant attachment
• requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, seperations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger

babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

babies that show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver

• babies that often cling to the caregiver
• then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness

babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented