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Define tissue.
A collection of similar cells and surrounding substances
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What are the three characteristics used for tissue classification?
- cell structure
- composition of surrounding material
- function
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List the four types of tissue.
- epithelial
- connective
- muscular
- nervous
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List the five types of cell junctions.
- gap junction
- tight junction
- adherens junction
- desmosome
- hemidesmosome
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What is the purpose of the pores/channels that span the space between cells in a gap junction?
to all for the very quick transport of ions
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In what type of tissue will gap junctions commonly be found?
muscle tissue
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What is the benefit/function of tight junctions?
to create a permeability barrier due to the cells being woven together in a web of tissue
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Where, in the human body, are you likely to find tight junctions?
the digestive tract
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When two cells are anchored to each other by means of a protein plaque it is an example of an:
adherens junction
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In what type of tissue do we find adherens junctions?
epithelial tissue that is on top of an underlying muscle layer
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How does a desmosome bind cells together?
protein plaques that are connected by intermediate filaments
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Where in the human body do we find desmosomes?
the skin
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Which type of cell junction utilizes microfilaments to connect protein plaques?
adherens junction
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The type of cell junctions that connects the bottom layer of skin to the underlying tissue is known as a:
hemidesmosome
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How many protein plaques are found in a hemidesmosome?
one
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What are the five functions of epithelial tissue discussed in class?
- protect underlying tissue from abrasion
- act as a physical barrier
- control filtration, diffusion, and osmosis
- produce secretions
- provide sensory data
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What are the two major categories of epithelium?
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Where are exocrine secretions released?
onto the surface of an epithelial cell or tissue
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Where are endocrine secretions released?
directly into the blood
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List the three types of secretions produced by glands.
- serous secretion
- mucus secretion
- mixed secretion
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A secretion that is thin and water, such as human sweat, is a _______ secretion.
serous
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A secretion that is thick and viscous is called a _______ secretion.
mucus
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An example of a mixed solution in humans would be:
saliva
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How do merocrine glands release their secretions?
exocytosis
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How do apocrine glands release their secretions?
multiple vesicles move into the apical part of the cell and a "cleavage furrow" pinches that part of the cell off
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A gland which releases secretion by rupturing the entire cell is a _______ gland.
holocrine
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List the five common characteristics of epithelium.
- polarity
- cellularity
- covers body surfaces
- avascularity
- ability to regenerate
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Define polarity in regards to epithelia.
the specific orientation of cells
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All epithelial tissue rests on a:
basement membrane
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The surface of epithelial tissue that faces the environment is called the:
apical surface
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The surface of epithelial tissue that faces the basement membrane is the:
basal surface
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The surface of epithelial cells that faces other cells is known as the:
lateral surface
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What does cellularity mean in regards to epithelial tissue?
epithelial tissue is made up only of cells
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True or False: Epithelial tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and an extracellular fluid or matrix.
False - epithelial tissue is comprised only of cells
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List three places that epithelial tissue provides a covering for body surfaces.
- outside of the body
- hollow organs
- blood vessels
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True or False: Epithelial tissue is found on all surfaces of the body exposed to the environment either directly or indirectly.
True
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Define avascularity in relation to epithelial tissue.
epithelial tissue is not penetrated by blood vessels
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How does avascularity affect epithelial tissue.
- blood supply located in adjacent connective tissue
- ions and nutrients move into epithelial tissue by means of diffusion
- cells further from the basement membrane lose ability to gain nutrients and die off
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Why does epithelial tissue need to regenerate?
to maintain and repair the protective surfaces
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How does epithelial tissue regenerate?
by means of germinative "stem" cells located near or at the basement membrane
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What is the function of cilia?
to move in a wavelike fashion and move things across the surface of the cell
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What is the benefit of microvilli on the surface of a cell?
increased membrane surface increases diffusion/transport
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What is the function of goblet cells?
production of mucens that will combine with water to form mucus
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What are the two characteristics used in the classification of epithelia?
- arrangement of layers
- cell shape
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True or False: In simple epithelium every cell touches the basement membrane.
True
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One single layer of epithelial cells is classified as:
simple epithelium
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A single layer of tall and short cells where each cell touches the basement membrane and exhibits uneven placement of nuclei is known as:
pseudostratified epithelium
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Epithelial tissue that has multiple layers is known as:
stratified epithelium
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Epithelial cells that are thin and flat and look like fried eggs are called:
squamos
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Epithelial cells that are roughly as tall as they are wide are known as:
cuboidal
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Epithelial cells that are much taller than they are wide are classified as:
columnar
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Which cell shape is most commonly found in pseudostratified tissue?
columnar
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A single layer of thin flat cells is known as:
simple squamos epithelium
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List the four locations of simple squamos epithelium discussed in class.
- blood vessels
- lining of the heart wall
- alveoli
- lining of hollow organs
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Simple squamos epithelium that lines your body cavities is known as:
mesothelium
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Simple squamos epithelium that lines the inside of your heart and blood vessels is known as:
endothelium
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What are the two primary functions of simple squamos epithelium discussed in class?
- reduce friction
- regulate permeability
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True or False: You get the most transport from simple squamos epithelium.
True
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A single layer of epithelium provides for the _____ transport and the _____ protection.
most, least
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A single layer of "dice" shaped cells is known as what type of epithelium?
simple cuboidal epithelium
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List the four locations of simple cuboidal epithelium discussed in class.
- kidney tubules
- thyroid gland
- other glands and ducts
- terminal bronchials
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What are the three functions of simple cuboidal epithelium discussed in class?
- secretion
- absorbtion
- protection
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A single layer of tall, skinny cells is described as:
simple columnar epithelium
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List the three locations of simple columnar epithelium discussed in class.
- digestive tract
- gall bladder
- uterine tract
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Simple columnar epithelium almost always has what type of specialized structure?
goblet cells
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True or False: Simple columnar epithelium can be either ciliated or non-ciliated.
True
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List the three functions of simple columnar epithelium discussed in class.
- secretion
- absorbtion
- protection
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When viewing simple columnar epithelium the nuclei should appear to be in what orientation?
a straight line
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What bodily process/system is associated with pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
respiration
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What four locations were given in class for pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
- nasal cavities
- trachea
- pharynx
- bronchi
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What are the two functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium given in class?
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The primary secretion of pseudostratified columnar epithelium is:
mucus
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Multiple layers of thin, flat cells are classified as what type of tissue?
stratified squamos epithelium
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What are the four locations of stratified squamos epithelium discussed in class?
- oral cavity
- vagina
- anus/rectum
- skin
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What is the primary function of stratified squamos epithelium?
protection
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Keratinized stratified squamos tissue is found in what type of evironment?
dry
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True or False: The stratified squamos epithelium found in the oral cavity, vagina, and rectum is non-keratinized.
True
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Stratified epithelium is always classified by the shape of cells at which surface, apical or basement?
apical
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True or False: Stratified squamos epithelium provides for lots of nutrient transport.
False - the thickness of the layers provides for lots of protection, but very little transport
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Multiple layers of "dice" shaped cells is classified as what type of tissue?
stratified cuboidal epithelium
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What were the two locations of stratified cuboidal epithelium discussed in class?
- ducts of some glands
- part of the mammary gland
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True or False: Stratified cuboidal epithelium is not very common in the human body.
True
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List the three functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium.
- secretion
- absorbtion
- protection
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A multiple layer of cells whose apical layer is tall and skinny would be classified as:
stratified columnar epithelium
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List the three locations of stratified columnar epithelium discussed in class.
- ducts of the salivary glands
- urethra
- epiglottis
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What is the primary function of stratified columnar epithelium?
protection
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True or False: Secretion and absorbtion are major functions of stratified columnar epithelium.
False - the thickness of the tissue provides for very little transport of secretions
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Epithelial tissue that is cuboidal is shape but appears squamos when distended is known as:
transitional epithelium
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What two locations in the human body will you find transitional epithelium?
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What is the primary function/benefit of transitional epithelium?
allows for distention
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