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Define anatomy.
The study of the structures and names of body parts.
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True or False: Structure dictates function.
True
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A change in ________ results in a change in function.
structure
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The anatomy of things you can see with the naked eye is known as:
gross anatomy
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The study of superficial markings is known as:
surface anatomy
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Regional anatomy examines structures located in a:
localized or certain area
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The study of the structures of organ systems is called:
systemic anatomy
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The focus on structural changes from conception through physical maturity is known as:
developmental anatomy
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Clinical anatomy is anatomy used in a clinical setting in order to:
detect disease or other pathology
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What are the two subfields of microscopic anatomy discussed in class?
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Cytology is the study of what?
the anatomy and structure of cells
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The study of tissues is known as:
histology
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Define physiology.
The study of how the body performs vital functions.
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Cell physiology is the study of:
the function of various types of cells
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The examination of the function of organs is known as:
organ physiology
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Studying the function of the cardiovascular system as a whole is known as:
systemic physiology
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Pathological physiology is the study of:
the function of disease and how it makes us sick
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List the levels of organization from smallest to largest.
- 1) atom
- 2) molecule
- 3) cells
- 4) tissue
- 5) organs
- 6) organ system
- 7) organism
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Two or more cell types functioning towards a common purpose create what?
tissue
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Two or more types of tissue that function together for a common purpose create what?
organs
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What are the four major organs of the integumentary system discussed in class?
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat glands
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What are the three primary functions of the integumentary system discussed in class?
- protection
- temperature regulation
- sensory information
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What are the two major organs of the muscular system discussed in class?
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Which tissue connects muscle to bone, tendons or ligaments?
tendons
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What are the three functions of the muscular system discussed in class?
- protection
- movement
- heat production
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What are the four major organs of the skeletal system discussed in class?
- bones
- ligaments
- cartilage
- marrow
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What type of tissue connects bone to bone, tendons or ligaments?
ligaments
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List the five functions of the skeletal system discussed in class.
- protection
- structure
- movement
- blood production
- mineral storage
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What are the four major organs of the nervous system discussed in class?
- brain
- spinal cord
- neurons/nerves
- sense organs/receptors
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What are the four functions of the nervous system discussed in class?
- control all other systems
- interpret sensory information
- issue commands in response to stimuli
- higher order brain function
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In addition to the lungs, trachea, and bronchi/bronchioes, what were the other three major organs of the respiratory system discussed in class?
- sinuses
- nasal cavities
- alveoli
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What were the four functions of the respiratory system discussed in class?
- respiration - exchange of gases
- conditioning of air
- speech/vocalization
- regulates pH
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The thyroid, pineal gland, suprarenal glands, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries/testes, and thymus are part of which organ system?
the endocrine system
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What is the major function of the endocrine system?
hormone production
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What are the three major organs of the cardiovascular system discussed in class?
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What are the two primary functions of the cardiovascular system discussed in class?
- transportation of gases and nutrients
- distribution of heat
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What are the three major compenents of the digestive system found in the oral cavity?
- teeth
- tongue
- salivary glands
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List the nine organs of the digestive system discussed in class.
- oral cavity
- esophagus
- stomach
- intestines
- rectum
- anus
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancreas
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What are the two primary functions of the digestive system?
- digestion
- waste elimination
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What are the three functions of digestion?
- the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces
- the chemical breakdown of food into components
- the absorbtion of nutrients
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What are the four major organs of the urinary system?
- kidneys
- bladder
- urethra
- ureters
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What are the four functions of the urinary system discussed in class?
- blood filtration
- maintain H2O balance
- pH balance
- regulate blood pressure
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What are the six organs of the male reproductive system discussed in class?
- penis
- testicles
- prostate gland
- vas deferens
- epididymus
- scrotum
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What are the three functions of the male reproductive system discussed in class?
- production of sperm
- hormone production
- sexual reproduction
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What are the five organs of the female reproductive system discussed in class?
- vagina
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- ovaries
- mammary glands
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What are the six functions of the female reproductive system discussed in class?
- production of oocytes
- hormone production
- sexual reproduction
- embryonic support
- childbirth
- lactation
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What are the two primary hormones produced by the female reproductive system?
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The lymphatic system is more commonly known as the:
immune system
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What are the six organs of the lymphatic system discussed in class?
- lymph
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic vessels
- thymus
- spleen
- tonsils
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What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
detect and combat pathogens
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Define homeostasis.
the maintenanace of a stable and constant environment
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When an organ maintains homeostasis on it's own, with no control from the nervous or endocrine systems it exhibits what type of regulation?
intrinsic regulation
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When an organ, or organ system, responds to control from the nervous and/or endocrine systems, it exhibits what type of regulation?
extrinsic regulation
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Responses from the nervous system tend to be _______ and _______.
quick and short-acting
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Responses from the endocrine system tend to be _______ and _______.
slow and longer lasting
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What are the three components of a homeostatic system?
- receptor
- control center
- effector
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The component of a homeostatic system that monitors the environment for change is known as the:
receptor
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The component of a homeostatic system that interprets information from the receptor and issues a response is the:
control center
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The component of a homeostatic system the receives commands from the control center and returns the system to homeostasis is the:
effector
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In a typical home air conditioning system, the thermometer is which compenent of the homeostatic system?
the receptor
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What are the two types of feedback control?
- negative feedback
- positive feedback
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When a response is opposite of the initial change in environment it is said to be _______ feedback.
negative
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If the body experiences a drop in body temperature, the negative feedback response will be an:
increase in body temperature
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When a response enhances the initial change in environment it is said to be _______ feedback.
positive
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What are the only two examples of positive feedback loops in the human body?
- blood clotting
- birthing contractions
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What does it mean if someone is said to be in anatomical position?
their body is facing forward with palms facing forward
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Which directional term, superior or inferior means "towards the skull?"
superior
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Which directional term, superior or inferior means "towards the feet?"
inferior
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Which directional term, anterior or posterior means "frontal or chest surface?"
anterior
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Which directional term, anterior or posterior means "dorsal or back surface?"
posterior
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The line drawn through the center of the body from head to ground is known as the:
midline
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The directional term that means "towards the midline" is:
medial
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The directional term that means "away from the midline" is:
lateral
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The directional term that references the appendages and means "towards the attached base" is:
proximal
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The directional term that references the appendages and means "away from the attached base" is:
distal
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What are two examples of "attached bases" in human appendages?
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List the four anatomical quadrants.
- left upper
- right upper
- left lower
- right lower
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The stomach is found in which anatomical quadrant?
the left upper
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The liver is found in which anatomical quadrant?
the right upper
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List the upper three anatomical regions.
- left hypochondriac
- epigastric
- right hypochondriac
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List the middle three anatomical regions.
- left lumbar
- umbillical
- right lumbar
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List the lower three anatomical regions.
- left inguinal
- pubic
- right inguinal
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How will a sagittal plane split the body?
into left and right portions
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How will a transverse plane split the body?
into superior and inferior portions
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How will a frontal plane split the body?
into anterior and posterior portions
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The ventral body cavity is divided into what two cavities?
- thoracic cavity
- abdominopelvic cavity
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What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
the diagphragm
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What are the three sub-sections of the thoracic cavity?
- left plueral cavity
- right plueral cavity
- mediastinum
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What major structures/organs can be found in the thoracic cavity?
- the plueral cavities contain the lungs
- the mediastinum contains the heart
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What two cavities are found with the abdominopelvic cavity?
- the abdominal cavity
- the pelvic cavity
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