-
cell proliferation
increasing # of cell ny mitosis
-
cell differentiation
cell bocomes more specialized in structure & function
-
growth factors
- proteins that drive proliferation of remnants of injured parenchymal cells, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts
- hormone-like proteins increase cell size & division
- regulate inflammatory process
- chemoattractants
- generation of ECM
-
progenitor cells
cells of specialized groups that have not diferentiated to the extent they lose ability to divide
-
Cell cycle G1
post-mitotic phase DNA synthesis stops & RNA and protein synthesis & cell growth occurs
-
cell cycle S
- DNA synthesis
- 2 sets of chromosomes formed
-
cell cycle G2
- premitotic phase
- RNA & protein made
-
-
cell cycle M
mitosis; nuclear division
-
cell cycle G0
- mitoticaly quiescent
- resting state
- may reenter cycle response to extracellular nutrients, growth factors, hormones, blood loss,
- highly differentiated cells remain in G0
-
cyclins
proteins control entry & progression through cell cycle
-
cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)
cyclin activated proteins that phosphorylate proteins
-
labile tissues
- continuously dividing
- epithelial, bone marrow
-
stabile tissues
- normally stop dividing when growth stops
- can regenerate with stimulus
- liver, vascular
-
permanent tissues
do not proliferate; nerve, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
-
stem cells
reserve cells that ramain quiescent until need for replenishment
-
stem cell self renewal
undergo numerous mitosis & keep undifferentiated state
-
stem cell asymmetric replication
after each cell division some cell specialize & others stay undifferentiated
-
totipotent stem cells
produced by fertilized ovum
-
pluripotent stem cells
differentiate into 3 layers of embryo
-
multipotent stem cells
hematopoetic cells
-
unipotent stem cells
- produce one cell type
- retain self-renewal
-
embryonic stem cells
- pluirpotent from blastocyst in embryo;
- generate multiple cell lines
-
adult stem cells
generate multiple cell lines from bone marrow
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