The capsule of Streptococcus mutans is an important virulence factor that
E)
Which of the following disorders is LEAST likely to be included in the differential diagnosis of a patient with acute appendicitis?
A)
Uncomplicated healing of a wound by secondary intention, observed microscopically at three days, is MOST likely to show evidence of which of the following?
A) ?
Classic model of wound healing:
1. hemostasis
2. inflammatory- bacteria/debris phagocytized and removed
1. PMNs- 1st 2 days + T cells--> cleanse wound
2. Macrophages- after 2 days
- essential to wound healing (phagocytize bacteria and damaged tissue)
3. proliferative
- angiogenesis by vascular endothelial cells
- collagen deposition by fibroblasts
- granulation tissue formation (type III)--> replaced later with type I
- epithelialization- epithelial cells proliferate and crawl up wound bed to cover
- wound contraction by myofibroblasts
4. remodeling - collagen remodeled and realigned along tensions lines; cells no longer needed undergo apoptosis
1. Primary intention- e.g. surgical incision
- no/minimal scar formation
- wound edges line up
2. Secondary intention- e.g. gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, tooth extraction
- granulates--> scar formation- slower healing + wound care
3. Tertiary- e.g. healing of wounds by use of tissue grafts
- wound is cleaned and observed; left open
Patients with which of the following malignancies have the poorest prognosis?
C)
Pancreatic cancer
- poor prognosis
- 3 yr survival rate is 30%
- "silent killer" bc usually doesn't cause symptoms
- later symptoms are non-specific: jaundice, pain in upper abdomen, weight loss
Risk factors:
- male
- age
- smoking
- obesity
- diabetes mellitis
- H. pylori
- family history
- gingivitis or perio disease
Which of the following is the MOST important function of bacterial pili in causing human infectious disease?A) Allowing bacteria to adhere to human cells
B) Destroying phagocytic macrophages and neutrophils
C) Making the bacteria motile
D) Transfering DNA from one bacterium to another
A)
fimbriae= short pilus used to attach bacteria to host surface
- mutant bacteria that lack fimbriae can't attach to surface and can't cause disease
- found in gram - and gram + bacteria
A patient with rheumatic heart disease is MOST likely to develop congestive heart failure due which of the following?
C)
Which of the following are directly associated with destruction of glomerular basement membranes in a patient with glomerulonephritis?
B)
If Type A blood is accidentally transfused into a Type B recipient, the immediate hemolytic reaction would be the result of which of the following?
E)
A patient who has anemia, poorly localized abdominal pain, and wrist and foot drop probably is manifesting a toxic state induced by which of the following?
- blocks breakdown of catecholamines- -> sweating, tachycardia, salivation, HTN
- kidney dysfunction, hypotonia of muscle
CCl4
- CNS
- degenerate liver and kidneys--> can lead to cancer
- prolonged--> coma and death
Which of the following is the major VIRAL cause of birth defects in infants in developed countries?A) Varicella-zoster
B) Rubella
C) Measles
D) Herpes simplex
E) Cytomegalovirus
E) CMV
TORCHeS
Phage conversion is responsible for which o'f the following?
A)
Bacteriophage= vector for transduction from one cell to another
MOST rickettsial diseases can produce severe illness in humans because rickettsiae
A)
Hereditary angioedema is the result of which the following?
E)
- presents in 20's-40s
- local swelling in subcutaneous tissues
- doesn't respond to antihistamines, corticosteroids, or Epi
Cause:
- deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor
- C1 inhibitor inhibits C1, Factor XII, and kallikrein--> therefore give rise to vasoactive substances when unregulated
Tx
- want to treat the edema, esp if larynx
- AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
Which of the following viral diseases has the LONGESTincubation period?
D)
Rabies
- viral disease
- causes acute encephalitis
- travels to brain following peripheral nerves
- zoonotic- bite from infected animal
- incubation period is few months in humans--> once reach CNS, symptoms show and fatal within 7 days
Adult respiratory distress syndrome might be caused by each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?
A)
ARDS "Acute" is more appropriate
- serious rxn to various injuries of lung
- severe lung disease
- inflamm of lung parenchmya= impaired gas exchange--> inflamm, hypoxemia, multiple organ failure
- often fatal and need to be put in ICU on mechanical ventilation
- most commonly associated w/ diffuse alveolar damage
Normal clotting time and normal platelet count accompanied by prolonged bleeding time suggest which of the following?
C)
Aspirin inhibits the COX pathway--> prostaglandins (PCI2 and TXA2)
- Thromboxane A2 in charge of platelet aggregation
Which of the following bacterial vaccines is given routinely to children in the U.S.A.?
B)
DPT vaccine
- diphtheria and tetanus toxoids
- killed whole cells of bordetella pertussis
- 5 doses btwn 2 months and 5 yrs
Normal human cells contain gene sequences homologous to virus genome sequences known to induce cancer in animals. What term applies to these gene sequences when found in human cells?
E)
If a foreign antigen enters the body through the skin, which of the following portions of the lymphoid system is the antigen MOSTlikely to reach FIRST?
A)
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding glioblastoma multiforme?
C)
- it is a type IV astrocytoma
- most common primary brain tumor/astrocytoma
- butterfly glioma bc crosses corpus callosum
- v. poor prognosis <1 yr survival
- found in cerebral hemispheres
The appearance of new strains of human immunodeficiency virus are primarily the result of
B)
Each of the following is commonly associated with congestive heart failure EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?
B)
"anasarca"= extreme generalized edema
- widespread swelling of skin due to effusion of fluid into EC space