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Respiration
The process of exchanginggases between the atmosphere and the lungs
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Pulmonary ventilation
Breathing
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organs of the respiratiory system
nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
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upper respiratory tract
Repirsatory organs outside the thorax. responsible for humidifying, warming incoming air. secreating mucus that traps forgein and controlling infection
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lower respiratory tract
respiratory organs inside thorax
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nostril
opening into the nose throught which air passes intot hte nose
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spetum
divides nasal cavity into two. sides of the nasal cavity divided into conchae and meatuses.
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pharynx
common passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory systems (passage for air and food)
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larynx (voice box)
located between the pharynx and the trachea. contains vocal cords: true vocal cords for speech and flase cords for preventing the entrance of food into the larynx during swallowing.
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larynx contains 9 cartilages
3 single epigltic, thyroid(corresponding to the adam's apple) and cricoid.
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cricoid cartileges 3 pairs
arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform
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glottis
opening between the vocal cords
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trachea
wind pipe -located below larynx. surrounded by c shaped rings of hyaline cartilege to prevent the collapes of trachea during swallowing. the trachea divides to form the bronchial tree.
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divisions of the bronchial tree
primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, brochiole, terminal bronchial, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and alveoli. As these tubes get smaller the cartilege rings change to pads and eventually disappears
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the respiratory tract is lined with
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. As the tubes get smaller, they are replaced by cubodial and eventually to simple squamous
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lungs
Large right lung (3 lobes) left lung (2 lobes)
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alveolus
functional unit of the lungs. this is where exchange of gases take place
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respiratory membrane
made up of two thickness of simple squamous epithelium:simple squamous that lines the alveolus and the onethickness that lines the blood capillaries, both connected by the basement membrane
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repsiration physiology
air moves in and out of the lungs as a result of atmospheric pressure. air moves fro m regions of hight pressure to regions of low pressure
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boyle's law
the volume of a gas is inversley/indirectly proportional to its pressure ( as volume increases, pressure decreases)
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Dalton's law
in a mixture of gases, the partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the portion of the indivdual gas in the mixture (in a mixture of gases, like air, the total pressure if the sum of the indivdual partial pressure of the gases in the mixture)
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air
is a mixture of gases: oxygen 21%, carbon dioxide: 0.04%, Nitrogen: 78% other gases less than 1%
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during inspiration
diaphragm muscles contract, volume increase, pressure decrease, external intercostal muscles contracts, rib cage moves up and out. Air moves into the lungs
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during expiration
diaphragm muscles relax, volume decrease, pressure increase, internal intercostal muscles contract and rib cage down and in. AIr moves out of the lungs. Air is moved out mostly as a result of elastic recoil of lung tissue
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tidal volume(TV)
amount of air that is moved into and out of the lungs dunrig normal quiet breathing
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inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that is moved into the lungs during forced inspiration in addition to tidal volume
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residual volume(RV)
amount of air that remains in the lungs at all time
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expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that is moved out of the lungs during forced expiration in additiion to tidal volume
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vital capacity (VC)
the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible. VC= TV+ ERV+ IRV
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total lung capacity (TLC)
the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold. TLC= VC+ RV
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non-respiratory air movements
air movement not used for respiration: sneezing, laughing, yawning, hiccup, coughing, speech, crying
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minute ventilation rate (minute respiration volume)
- amount of air that is moved into the lungs in one minute (TV * BR)
- TV= 500ml BR= breathing rate (12 breaths per minute)
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alveolar ventilation
the amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli. (TV-150)*BR
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dead space
the amount of air that remains in the airways and don't reach the alevoli
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