-
Energy from ATP rxns is used for: (3)
- Cellular mvmt
- Molecular synthesis
- Transport across membranes
-
Process of transferring a P group from one molec to another under anaerobic conditions in cytoplasm
Substrate level phophorylation
-
Producing ATP under aerobic conditions
Oxidative phosphorylation
-
Glycolysis produces molecs:
Glycolysis produces energy:
- 2 pyruvate molecs
- 2 ATP, 2 NADH
-
Pyruvate is used to make _____ if there is low oxygen availability (allows recycling of NADH)
Lactate
-
Conversion of lactate to glucose in liver
Cori cycle
-
2 pyruvates from glycolysis go on to make:
2 acetyl CoA and 2 NADH
-
Kreb's cycle & oxidative phosphorylation occur in:
mitochondria
-
Site of electron transport chain
Inner membrane of mitochondria
-
Chemiosmotic Coupling
H+ is actively pumped from inside to outside, which causes H+ to flow back in (down conc gradient). Creates harvestable energy which is used to make ATP.
-
What is the ATP production of the following electron donors?
NADH
FADH2
-
What is the % efficiency of glucose oxidation?
32.7%
-
How are lipids catabolized?
Triglyceride is broken into Glycerol and 3 Free Fatty Acids
Glycerol ==> glycolysis
3 FFA ==> Beta oxidation --> acetyl coA --> kreb's cycle
-
Removes 2 carbon pieces (acetyl groups) from FAs and converts them to acetyl coA
Beta Oxidation
-
16 carbon FA makes ___ acetyl coA
8
-
Substrates used to synthesis new glucose (glyconeogenesis)
- Glycerol
- Lactate
- Amino acids (last resort)
-
Site of gluconeogenesis
Liver, small extent in kidneys
-
-
Energy to raise temp of 1g of water 1 degree C
calorie
-
-
Why transport is important (3)
- Obtaining O2 and nutrients
- Removing waste products
- Sending signals
-
Is more highly concentrated in ICF or ECF?
K+
Na+
Cl-
Glucose
- K+ (ICF)
- Na+ (ECF)
- Cl- (ECF)
- Glucose (ECF)
-
What is transported across mem easily?
- Nonpolar & small molecs
- (ex: O2, CO2, FAs)
-
What can't pass through mem easily?
- Polar molecs & ions
- (ex: glucose, proteins, Na+, water)
-
Type of driving force that depends on concentration of atom/molec
Chemical driving force
-
Type driving force depends on charges
Electrical
-
Electrical driving force is called
Membrane potential (Vm)
-
Membrane potential is measured in:
Millivolts
-
Membrane potential when elec force equals chem force
Equilibrium Potential
-
Resting membrane potential is b/w __ and __ millivolts
-50 to -70
-
Rate of particles crossing membrane
Flux
-
3 types passive mem transport
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Diffusion through channels
-
Types of channels used during facilitated diffusion
-
Carrier-facilitated diffusion
Transmem proteins have binding sites for specific particles & binding occurs one side at a time, protein changes conformation, releases particle, now is open to other side
-
When would concentration gradient (delta C) no longer increase, causing a limit to speed of flux?
When all carriers are saturated (busy carriers)
-
Pump functions as:
- transporter (of solutes)
- & enzyme (brks down ATP)
-
Type of transport which uses energy from a high energy compound (pump brks down ATP by hydrolysis)
Primary active transport
-
Type of transport that uses potential energy stored in conc gradient (no brkdn of ATP)
Secondary active transport
-
Energy to drive pump comes from an ion diffusing down its conc gradient
Secondary Active Transport
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