-
What are the borders of the lungs?
- anterior
- inferior
- posterior
-
what is the root of the lung and what structures does it contain?
- aka hilus is on the medial surface of the lung
- contains primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and nerves.
-
what are oblique fissures and where are they located?
- begins 2.5 inches from the apex of the lung and ends at costal cartilage 6.
- separates lungs into sections
- in both lungs
-
what is the horizontal (transverse) (minor) fissure and where is it located?
- separation of the right lung into another lobe.
- line from costal cartilage 4
- only in the right lung
-
name the lobes of the right lung
-
name the lobes of the left lung
-
where are the lobes of the right lung located in relation to the fissures?
- superior lobe: above horizontal fissure
- middle lobe: between oblique and horizontal
- inferior lobe: below oblique
-
how many segments make up the right and left lungs?
-
right lung vs. left lung
- right lung = groove for azygous vein
- left lung= apicoposterior lingula (3,4) is a modified middle lobe. have cardiac notch and thoracic aorta groove
-
what arteries supply the lungs?
bronchial artery branched from thoracic aorta directly, following the bronchia tree
-
what veins do the lungs utilize?
bronchial veins with unoxygenated blood drain into azygous system which is unoxygenated as well as the pulmonary vein which is oxygenated
-
what are the lymphatics of the lungs?
hilus, pulmonary nodes, and tracheo-bronchial nodes
-
what nerves effect the lungs?
- vagus nerve CN 10
- sympathetic trunk
-
what effects does the vagus nerve have on the lungs?
- bronchioconstriction
- vasodilation
- increased glandular secretion
-
what effects does the sympathetic trunk have on the lungs?
- vasomotor from T2-5
- fibers produce bronchial dilation by relaxation of smooth muscle of the bronchii
- vasoconstriction
- decrease glandular secretion
-
physical characteristics of the diaphragm
- separates thorax from abdomen
- fibromuscular
- dome shaped, right and left dome
- right dome= upper border of rib 5 (because of liver)
- left dome= lower border of rib 5
-
what materials make up the diaphragm?
- muscular: periphary
- fibrous: central tendon
-
right and left dome divided into what?
- 3 parts each
- 1: sternal=xiphoid process
- 2: costal= domes arise from lower 6 ribs and costal cartilage
- 3: lumbar= vertebral area
-
what are the outlets of the diaphragm?
- caval opening
- esophageal opening
- aortic opening
-
where is the caval opening located in the daphragm and what structures are found in it?
- where: TV 8
- structures: right phrenic nerve, inferior vena cava, lymphatics
-
where is the esophageal opening located in the diaphragm and what structures are found in it?
- where: TV 10
- structures: esophagus, right and left vagus, esophageal branch of the left gastric artery and vein.
-
where is the aortic opening located in the diaphragm and what structures are found in it?
- where: TV 12
- structures: thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, greater splanchnic nerve, azygous vein
-
what is the motor and sensory nerve supply to the central area of the diaphragm?
both are the phrenic (C3, 4, 5)
-
what is the nerve that supplies the left dome and 1/2 of the right dome in their central areas?
left phrenic nerve
-
what nerve supplies the periphery of the diaphragm?
intercostal nerves
-
what arteries supply the diaphragm?
- musculophrenic- branch from internal thoracic artery
- superior phrenic- thoracic aorta
- inferior phrenic- branch directly from abdominal aorta
- pericardiophrenic- accompanies phrenic nerve and a branch from internal thoracic artery
- posterior intercostal arteries- thoracic aorta
-
Is the diaphragm essential for respiration?
no
-
what are the 3 changes that occur in the thorax for volume to increase in the thoracic cavity?
- 1: contract diaphragm, flattens domes, superior-inferior movement (piston)
- 2: elevate ribs towards first rib which is fixed by the muscle of the neck (scalenus anterior muscle) (bucket handle)
- 3: elevate ribs anterior-posteriorally towards first rib (pump handle)
-
what is the function of the 3 changes?
create a negative pressure in the thoracic cavity and air enters the lungs.
-
how to exhale?
relax the contracted intercostal muscles
-
what's different when forcing exhalation?
involves serratus anterior as well as intercostal muscles.
-
results of abdominal straining
diaphragm contracts which deceases volume but increases pressure. when have too much pressure can cause a hernia.
|
|
