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How do plants get their food?
Photosynthesis
What do the cell walls of plants contain?
Cellulose
T/F Plants are multicallular with specilization
True
False
T
What do the specialized cells form?
Tissues and organs
Where do most plants live?
On land
What type of cells do plants have?
Eukaryotic
What special organells do plants have for photosynthesis?
Choloroplasts
What kind of clorophyll do plants have?
A & B
T/F The ancestors of land plants were green algae
True
False
T
What are the 5 adaptations plants made to live on land?
Prevent H
2
O loss Ancorage
Vascular System
Support Tissue
Gas Exchange
What do plants have to keep from losing water?
Cuticle
What is a cuticle?
A wax like covering
What 2 kinds of tubes make up the vascular system?
Xylem
Pholem
What is the xylem?
They carry water
What is the pholem?
The tube that carries food
What do large plants have as support tissues?
Wood
What are the hole for gas exchange called?
Stoma
What are the 2 basic kinds of plants?
Vascular and Non vascular
What do non vascular plants lack?
A vascular system
What does not having a vascular system limit?
Size and habitat
What parts do non vascular plants have that are similar to vascular plants?
Stem, Leaf and root like parts
What do non vascular plants need for reproduction?
Water
What are examples of non vascular plants? (3)
Mosses
Hornwarts
Liverwarts
What are examples of vascular plants? (3)
Ferns and relatives
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
What are gymnosperms?
Pines
What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants
What phylum does moss belong to?
Bryophyta
What time of year does moss produce gametes?
Spring
What does moss need to reproduce?
H
2
O
T/F Mosses have true parts
True
False
F
How does water and food move in nonvascular plant?
Diffusion
Where do the spores form in moss?
Capsule
What are the original spores in the capsule of mosses?
Spore Mother Cells
What process do the spore mother cells go through to make spores?
Meiosis
Are spore mother cells haploid or diploid?
Diploid
What kind of spores does moss have?
Homospores
What is homospores?
A plant only having one type of spores
What is "Peat Moss" also called?
Spagnum Moss
What 3 things is peat moss used for?
Fuel
Fertilizer
Mulch
Why is peat moss used as mulch?
It holds water
In the old days what did they do the the moss and what did they use it for?
Cut it into blocks and burned it
What is coal?
Heated and pressurized dead plants
What generation of the moss is seen year round?
Gametophyte
What is the gametophyte generation of the moss also called?
Leafy stem
What is the job of the leaf like parts of the leafy stem?
Photosynthesize
What does the stem like part of the leafy stem do?
Support
What do the rhizoids of the leafy stem do?
Anchor the moss to the ground
Absorbs water and minerals
What is the male reproductive part of the moss?
Antheridium
What does the antheridium produce?
sperm
T/F the antheridium is multicellular
True
False
T
What is the female reproductive part of the moss called?
Archegonium
What does the archegonium produce in the moss plants?
eggs
When does moss reproduce?
Summer or spring
Why does moss reproduce in the summer and spring?
Because it needs water (rain) to reproduce
What do the sperm have to make the moss need water to reproduce?
flagella
What occurs when the sperm and egg of the moss unite?
Fertilization
What is the united egg and sperm called?
zygote
What is at the top of the sporophyte generation of the moss?
Capsule
What does the capsule produce in moss?
Spores
What is the stem like structure of the sporophyte generation that hold the capsule in the air? (Moss)
Seta
what is the lid of the capsule called?
Operculum
What happens to the spores after they are released and land on moist soil?
They germinate
What is a germinated spore called?
Protonema
What ancestory does the protonema show?
algae
What are the fuzzes on the protonema?
New leafy stems
What generation of the ferns is dominant?
Sporophyte
What are the leaf like structures of the fern and what do they do?
Fronds
They Photosynthesize
What is the underground, horizontal stem of the ferns?
Rhizome
What are the spots under the leafs of ferns? (plural and singular)
Sori
Sorus
What do the sori contain?
Sporangium
What do the sporangium produce?
Spores
What do the spores germinate into?
Prothallus
What is the characteristic shape of a prothallus?
Heart Shaped
How big is the prothallus?
1/4 to 1/2 inch
What generation is the prothallus?
Gametophyte
T/F the prothallus can be male, female, or both.
True
False
T
The sperm have flagellum. What do ferns need to reproduce?
H
2
O
What are the root like structures on the prothallus?
Rhizoids
After the egg and sperm fertilize, what do they form?
Zygote
What does the zygote of the fern turn into?
Embryo Fern
What are the curled up leaves called of a fern?
Fiddle head
What is the liverwart also called?
Marchantia
What phylum does liverwart belong to?
Hepatophyta
What generation is the thallus of the liverwart?
Gametophyte
What does the thallus look like?
large
flat
green
What does the thallus of the liverwart do?
Photosynthesizes
What is the fuzz at at the bottom of the liverwart? What do they do?
Rhizoids
Anchor the plant
Where do liverwars make eggs?
Archegonial disk
What does the archegonial disk look like?
Plam tree
Where do the liverwarts make sperm?
Antheridial disk
What do liverwart need to reproduce?
Water
what method does liverwart use to reproduce?
Splash
What is the gemma cup used for?
Asexual reproduction by fragmentation
What does the capsule of the liverwart produce?
spores
What generation is the capsule?
Sporophyte
What produces sperm in the liverwarts?
Antheridial disk
What are the 3 non vascular phylums? An example for each.
Bryophyta-Mosses
Hepatophyta-Liverwarts
Anthocerophyta-Hornwarts
What are hornwarts?
Their body is a thallus with rhizoids and they need water to reproduce
What generation is dominant in vascular plants?
Sporophyte
T/F Vascular plants have true parts?
True
False
T
What tube cells do they have that doesn't limit them in size or habitat?
Xylem
Phloem
T/F All vascular plants don't need water to reproduce
True
False
F
What phylum is whisk ferns?
Psilophyta
Where do whisk ferns live?
Florida
T/F Whisk ferns have sori
True
False
F
What phylum is Ground pine or club moss?
Lycophyta
What phylum is Horsetails/Equisetum/Scouring Rushes?
Sphenophyta
Where is a common place for equisetum to grow?
Railroad track where the water lays
How tall are horsetails?
12 in
What is the structure called where the stem branches?
Node
What is in the scouring rushes cell wall?
Silica
What were horsetails used for in the olden days?
Cleanin kettles
What are the 2 most common types of seed vascular plants?
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
What generations is dominant in the seed vascular plants?
Sporophyte
T/F seed vascular plants need water for repro
True
False
F
What are the 3 characteristics of the Angiosperms?
Seeds
Flowers
Fruits
What does gymno mean?
Naked
What are the 3 characteristics of gymnosperms?
Coatless seeds
No flowers
No fruits
What are the 3 parts to a seed?
Seed Coat
Embryo plant
Stored food
What phylum produces cones?
Coniferophyta
What are the cones to the pine tree?
The reproductive unit
What are 6 examples of evergreens?
Pines
Cedar
Fir Trees
Hemlock
Spruce
Sequoias
What are Sequoias also known as?
Red Wood Trees
What does it mean to be an evergreen?
They dont lose all their leaves at once
What phylum are the dominant gymnosperms?
Coniferophyta
Where do evergreens mostly live?
Temperate zones
T/F all conifers are evergreens
True
False
F
T/F there aren't any decidious conifers
True
False
F
What is a decidious tree?
They lose all their leave at once
What generation of the evergreen do you see all year round?
Sporophyte
What are the 2 types of spores in conifers?
Mega
Micro
What are the spores called in conifers because they have 2 kinds of spores?
Heterospores
T/F Conifers are the most primitive of all seed plants
True
False
T
What kind of wood do conifers produce?
Soft wood
Why are conifers soft wood?
Because their xylems are made of Trachids
Why do trachids make the conifers soft wood?
Because they aren't efficient
What kind of wood do angiosperms give us?
Hard wood
What are the xylems made of in angiosperms?
Vessels
What are the 2 types of leaves conifers can have?
Scale
needle
What do cnifers give us?
Lumber
Used to frame houses
Paper
made of pulp from the tree
Rosin
Terpentine
What is rosin?
A powder to make things not slip
What is terpentine used for?
To clean paint brushes
Can we eat conifers? Why or why not?
No
Many have poisons
What are the 2 types of cones conifers have?
Pollen
Seed
Which cone of the conifer is female?
Seed
Which cones of the conifers are the woody cones?
Seed
Where do we see seed cones?
Inside the tree
What colors do seed cones go from?
Green -> Brown
What position do seed cones start out as and what happens to them as they mature?
Closed
They open up
How long do seed cones take to mature?
2 years
What becomes the seed of the conifers? (2 names)
Ovule
Megasporangium
What is the chromosone number of the ovule?
2N
what does the megasporangium contain?
Megaspore mother cells
What process do the megaspore mother cells go through to produce megaspores? How many does it produce?
Meiosis
4
What is the chromosome number of the megaspores?
N
What happens to 3 of the megaspores?
They die
What happens to the mega spore that lives?
It goes through mitosis and becomes the female megagametophyte
What is the chromosome number of the female megagametophyte?
N
What is the male cone of conifers called?
Pollen Cone
Where are pollen cones found?
At the end of the branches
What does the microsporangium contain? What procees do they go through? What does it result in?
Microspore mother cells
Meiosis
Microspores
What is the chromosome number of microspores?
N
What do the microspores become?
pollen grains
What do the microspores contain?
Sperm
What are the pollen grains called when they contain a sperm?
Male microgametophyte
What is pollination?
The movement of pollen throught the air to the seed cone
What phylum contains cycads?
Cycadophyta
How do cycads reproduce?
Seeds
T/F cycads can grown in PA
True
False
F
What organism is in the phylum ginkgophyta?
Ginkgo Tree
Can ginko trees grow in PA?
Yes
Whats another name for the ginko tree?
Living fossils
What distinct feature do ginko trees have?
Fan shaped leaves
what genders can ginko trees be?
Male or female
Not both
What phylum contains gnetum?
Gnetophyta
What is gnetum?
A tropical vine
Where does the welwicheria grow?
The african Savanna
During the dry season what does the welwicheria looks like?
Surface roots
During the wet season what does the welwicheria look like?
Big green leaves
T/F the welwicheria grows close to the ground
True
False
T
What green bush grows on the sides of the Grand Canyon?
Ephedra
What is the phylum of the angiosperms?
Antherophyta
What are the 2 classes of angiosperms?
Monocotyledonae
Dicotyledonae
What kind of veins do monocots have?
Parallel
How many seed leaves do monocots have?
1
What kind of veins do dicots have?
Netted/Branched
How many seed leaves do dicots have?
2
What is special about the pollenation of angiosperms?
They can be polleniated by insects
Angiosperms coevolved with what?
Insects
Whats does coevolved mean?
Both changed for their benefit
What was the fruit of the bean seed originally?
Ovary of the flower
What is the pedicel?
The stem of the fruit of the angiosperm
What carries the food and water to the seed?
Placenta
What was the seed originally?
An Ovule
Where does the pollen tube the ovule at?
Micropyle
Where does the food enter the ovule?
Hilum
What becomes the embryo plant?
the egg and sperm
What is the seed coat called?
Testa
What is the future leaves of the embryo plant called?
Plumule
What are the future roots of the embryo plant?
Radicle
What part of the seed stores starch?
Cotyledon
What is the part of the embryo plant that is above where it attaches to the cotyledon?
Epicotyl
What is the part of the embryo plant that is below where it attaches to the cotyledon?
Hypocotyl
What willthe hypocotyl become?
The stem
What is the male flower of the corn called?
Tassel
What is the female flower of the corn called?
Ears
What is are the base of the corn kernal where it attaches to the ear?
recepticle
What part of the flower is the cob?
Recepticle
What are the greenish-white leave surrounding the ear?
The petals and sepals
T/F Corn is a fruit called a grain
True
False
T
What was the silk of the corn at one time?
The style and stigma of the ovary
Where does a corn kernal store its food?
Endosperm
How many cotyledons does a coren seed have?
one
What is the chromosone number of the microsporangium?
2N
What is found in the anther?
Microsporangium
What does the microsporangium make?
Microspores
What are located in the microsporangium originally? What is their chromosome number?
Microspore mother cells 2N
What process does the microspore mother cells go through? What is the result?
Meiosis
Microspores
Microspores go through Mitosis to become what? (2 names)
Male Microgametophyte
Pollen
What are the 2 nuclei of the pollen called?
Tube nucleus
Generative Nucleus
What is the tube nucleus' job?
Controlling the growth of the pollen tube
What is the job of the generative nuleus?
To divide into 2 sperm
What is found in the ovary?
Microsporangium
T/F there can be more than one microsporangium in the ovary
True
False
T
What is another name for the megasporangium?
Ovule
What is the chromosome number of the megasporangium?
2N
What is foud within the megasporangium initially? What is their chromosome number?
Megaspore Mother Cells 2N
What process do megaspores result from? What is their chromosome number?
Meiosis
N
How many megasopres are formed? How many live?
4
1
What happens to the one megaspore that lives? What does it become?
It reproduces by mitosis
Female Megagametophyte
What is the chromosome number of the female megagametophyte?
N
What is another name for the female megagametophyte
Embryo Sac
T/F The pistil is homosporous
True
False
F
What are the 4 types of cells in the Embryosac?
Eggs
Synergids
Polars Cells
Antipodals
What is the micropyle?
The opening for the pollen tube into the embryo sac
What does the zygote grow into in seed formation? What is its chromosome number?
Embryo plant 2N
What 3 things combine to make the endosperm?
Sperm
2 Polar cells
What is the chromosome number of the endosperm? What is the special name for this?
3N
Triploid
How does the seed coat form?
The ovule hardens
What kind of food do dicots store?
Little food
What kind of food do monocots store?
Big food
What are the layers in the ovule wall?
Integuments
What will the ovary become?
The fruit
What is fruit made of?
Usually an enlarged ovary
What must fruit contain to truly be a fruit?
seeds
What are the 2 kinds of fruits?
Fleshy
Dry
What are the 2 characteristics of fleshy fruits?
Soft
Sugary
What are the 3 characteristics of dry fruits?
Dry
Paperlike
Woodlike
T/F We eat dry fruits
True
False
F
What are the 3 kinds of fleshy fruits?
Simple
Aggregates / Acessory
Multiple
What are 3 kinds of simple friuts?
Drupe
Berry
Pome
What are 2 examples of Drupes?
Peaches
Cherries
What are 3 examples of berries?
Oranges
Tomatoes
Cucumbers
What are 2 examples of pomes?
Apples
Pears
What are 2 examples of aggregate fruits?
Strawberries
Raspberries
What are 2 examples of a multiple friut?
Pineapple
Mulberry
What are the 2 main types of dry fruits?
Dehiscent
Indehiscent
What does dehiscent mean?
Seeds pop out
What does indehiscent mean?
Doesn't split open
What are 3 types of dry dehiscent fruits?
Legumes / Pods
Follicle
Capsule
What are 3 examples of a legume?
Peas
Beans
Peanuts
What is an example of a follicle?
Milkweed
What are 3 examples of capsules?
Poppy
Cotton
Chesnuts
WHat are the 3 types of dry indehiscent fruits?
Samara
Grain
Nut
What is an example of a samara?
Maple
What are 3 examples of grains?
Corn
Oats
Rice
What are 3 examples of nuts?
Acorns
Pecons
Walnuts
What is asexual reproduction also called?
Vegetative propogation
What are the 4 types of natural asexual reproduction?
Rhizomes
Stolons
Runners
Tip Layering
What are rhizomes?
Fat underground stems
What reproduces by rhizomes?
Ferns
What are stolons?
Skinny underground stems
What reproduces by stolons?
Crabgrass
What are runners?
Aboveground attachments
What reproduces by runners?
Strawberries
What is tip layering?
When a branch gets too heavy and touches the ground and formes new roots
What reproduces by tip layering?
Blackberry bushes
What are the 3 types of man influenced asexual reproduction?
Cutting
Layering
Grafting
What is cutting?
Cut off part of the stem and plant it in a new pot
What is cutting used mostly on?
House plants
What is layering?
Put soil at the base of the plant and pull out the stems that formed new roots
What do we use layering on?
Rose bushes
What is grafting?
Taking a branch from the desired tree and inserting it into a young tree
What is grafting used on?
Red Delicious Apples
What are the 2 types of flowers?
Perfect
Imperfect
What makes a flower perfect?
They have both male and female parts in the same flower
What is and example of a perfect flower?
Yucca
What makes a flower imperfect?
Have only male of only female parts on one flower
What is an example of an imperfect flower?
The tassel on corn
What are the 2 types of plants?
Monoecious
Dioecious
What makes a plant monoecious?
They have both male and female parts on the same plant
What are 3 examples of monoecious plants?
Corn
Yucca
Pine Trees
What amkes a plant diecious?
The plants have seperate male and female plants
What are 2 examples of diecious plants?
Holly
Ginko Trees
What are 2 types of flowers?
Complete
Incomplete
What makes a flower complete?
They have all the flower parts
What is an example of a complete flower?
Yucca
What is an incomplete flower?
They are missing some whorls
What is an example of an incomplete flower?
Ear of corn is missing Stamens
How many flower parts do monocots have?
3s or multiples of 3
how many flower parts do dicots have?
4s or 5s or multiples of 4 or 5
What is the coleoptile?
Covers and protects the epicotyl of the corn embryo plant as it grows
What is the growth of a seed called?
Germination
What is the ability of a seed to grow called?
Viability
What is seed dormancy?
Some seeds need to be exposed to cold temperatures before they can grow
What 3 elements affect seed growth?
Water
Oxygen
Temperature
What is the flower's main job?
Sexually reproduce
What are flowers before they bloom?
Buds
What are the rings of flower parts?
Whorls
What is all the speals together called?
Calyx
What is at the base of the petal that makes nectar and scents?
Nectar pad
What is nectar?
Sugar water
What 2 parts of the flower are not essential for reproduction?
Petals
Sepals
What is all the petals together?
Corolla
What is the female reproductive structure in a flower?
Pistil
What are the 3 parts of the pistil?
Stigma
Style
Ovary
What is the jof of the stigma?
Trap pollen
What is the jof of the style?
Elevates Stigma
What is the jof of the ovary?
Make ovules
What is the male reproductive part of a flower?
Stamen
What are the 2 parts of a stamen?
Anther
Filament
What is the jof of the anther?
Make pollen
What does the filament contain?
Xylem
Phloem
What are petals?
Modified leaves that attract insects
What will the ovules become?
seeds
What are the sepals?
Unessential modified green leaves that protect the bud
What is the receptacle?
Where all the whorls attach
What is the pedicel?
Made of vascular tissue so it brings food to the flower
What 2 structures form from double fertilization?
Endosperm
Embryo Plant
What is the jof of the endosperm?
Store starch for the seed
Author
LindseyLvr@gmail.com
ID
10192
Card Set
Kingdom Plantae
Description
Chapter 28 & 30
Updated
2010-03-28T16:55:11Z
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